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Chap 4-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| provides resistance to trauma, infections, barrier to water, produces vit d, sensations from the environment, and thermoregulation | skin |
| What is the skin composed of? | epidermis, epithelial tissue, and dermis which is connective tissue |
| skin exists in 2 forms | thick and thin |
| Not usually considered part of the skin | hypodermis |
| Has fingerprints which results from the dermal papilla forming parallel but curving rows | thick skin |
| 4 Cell types within the Epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and Langerhans cells |
| Produces keratin for physical strength and protection | keratinocytes |
| Produces Melanin for UV blockage in sunlight and increases with exposure to sunlight | Melanocytes |
| Cells that contribute to the sensation of touch | Merkel Cells |
| Cells monitor the epidermis for infectious agents | Langerhan's |
| Layers of the epidermis | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| Waterproofs the skin | glycolipids between the cells in the stratum corneum |
| How many days does it take the cells in the stratum basale to migrate to the surface? | 35 |
| What does the dermis consist of? | Papillary layer and reticular layer |
| What type of tissue is the papillary layer? | Areloar connective tissue |
| What type of tissue is the reticular layer? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Fluid filled area separating the epidermis from the dermis | blister |
| Smooth muscles which are attached to a hair follicle at one end and the dermis at the other end, contract to produce goose bumps | piloerector muscles |
| Within the dermis that sense touch | Various touch receptors |
| 5 types of glands within the skin | 2 sweat and 3 sebaceous |
| 2 types sweat glands | eccrine and appocrine |
| Sweat glands that are widely distributed | Eccrine |
| Sweat glands that are limited to axillary and anogential areas | Appocrine |
| Glands that secrete an oily substance into the hair follicle | Sebaceous |
| Secretion of __________ stimulated by hormones especially androgens that are produced during puberty | sebum |
| Damaged in 1st degree burns | epidermis |
| Damaged in 2nd degree burns | extends to the upper region of the dermis |
| Damaged in 3rd degree burns | Entire thickness of the skin |
| Skin cancer that is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy | Melanoma |
| Skin color is determined by which 3 pigments | Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
| Most significant in skin pigment and varies in color | Melanin |
| Also called suderiferous glands | sweat glands |
| Glands found only in the external ear canal | ceruminous glands |
| Forms a framework for the body protecting deeper tissues forming levers so muscles move storing minerals and site where hematopoiesis occurs | Bones |
| Outer layer of bone | compact bone |
| Inner portion of bone | Spongy bone |
| Another name for spongy bone | Cancellous bone |
| Bone that is dense and solid in appearance and composed of structural units called osteons | compact bone |
| Structural units called osteons | Haversian System |
| Red bone marrow makes ___________ blood cells | red |
| Bone marrow that is used for energy storage because of its fat content | yellow bone marrow |
| As an individual ages _________ marrow is replaced by _________ marrow, marrow cells become saturated with fat and no longer active in blood cell production | red, yellow |
| The main shaft of the long bone | diaphysis |
| Ends of the long bone | epiphyses |
| Covers the articular surfaces of the epiphyses to help form joints consists of hyaline cartilage | Articular cartilage |
| Membrane which covers the surface of long bones except at joint surfaces | Periosteum |
| Membrane that lines the trabeculae and medullary cavity | Endosteum |
| In spongy bone arranged along lines of stress to enhance bone's strength | Trabeculae |
| Spongy bone portion of flat bones | diploe |
| Bone forming cells | osteoblasts |
| Bone destroying cells | osteoclasts |
| A break in the continuity of a bone it tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes | fracture |
| Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of internal and external bony callus which binds broken ends together then completion of bone remodeling | fracture repair |
| Bone fracture due to weakened and diseased bone and not due to excessive forces on bone. | Pathologic fracture |
| Pain in a bone | Ostealgia |
| Bones become porous and weak occurs particularly in post menopausal women | Osteoporosis |
| Develops when bones are not adequately mineralized usually due to a deficiency in vit D and the bones become soft | Osteomalacia and Rickets |
| An abnormal projection on a bone from an overgrowth | bone spur |
| 35% organic components 65% inorganic components | Bone |
| Ability of cells to replicate | mitosis |
| Cell division that consists of the increase of cells during fetal growth, childhood and adolescence | developmental growth |
| Cell division that consists of cells that replace other cells that naturally turnover such as epithelial cells | cell replacements |
| Cell division that occurs when damage has been done and cells need to be replaced as in a skin cut or bone fracture | tissue repair |
| Cells that cannot replicate after development | brain and spinal cord nerve cells |
| Process which generates necessary changes to DNA in sperm and ova | Meiosis |
| Most immediate source of energy for chemical rxns in the body is the molecule | ATP |
| Consists of the sequential process of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain | Cellular respiration |
| Chemical byproduct of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide |
| The final electron receptor in the electron transport chain | oxygen |
| Does not use oxygen | anaerobic |
| Process that mainly uses glucose and produces little ATP but produces molecules which are needed by the other pathways to generate more ATP | Glycolosis |
| Consists of additional pathways which become active when no oxygen is available to the cell and replenishes the molecules used in glycolosis so glycolosis can continue Does not produce ATP | fermentation |
| Produces little ATP but does produce molecules which are needed in the electron transport chain in order to produce more ATP and also produces CO2 as a byproduct | Krebs cycle |
| The product of the electron transport chain is | a high yield of ATP |
| Used in the electron transport chain to accept mobile electrons used in the process | Oxygen |
| Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function | tissues |
| Four basic types of tissue | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| 2 general classes of epithelial tissue | membranous and glandular |
| Epithelium that covers the body and some of its parts and lines some cavities | Membranous |
| Epithelium makes the secretory portion of glands | Glandular |
| Tissue that has nerve fibers but no blood vessels and exchanges materials with the blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue | Epithelium |
| Arrangement of cells a single layer | simple |
| Arrangement of cells more than 1 layer | stratified |
| Single layer but appears more than 1 layer | pseudostratified |
| Flattened cell shape | squamous |
| Epithelia that allows rapid diffusion and filtration to occur | simple squamous |
| Example of simple squamous epithelia | walls of the air sacs in the lungs |
| Epithelium that specialize in absorption and secretion | simple cuboidal and simple columnar |
| Example of simple cuboidal epithelium | kidney tubules |
| Epithelium of the digestive tract has microvilli for increased surface area | simple columnar |
| Epithelium of the respiratory tract | psuedostratified columnar |
| Epithelium that its main purpose is protection either keratinized or nonkeratinized | stratified squamous |
| Epithelium cells that change their shape with different conditions and allows bladder to distend with urine | transitional |
| Glands that ductless and secrete hormones into the blood | Endocrine glands |
| Glands that secrete products onto the skin or body cavities via ducts | Exocrine glands |
| Tissue that is primarily composed of nonliving extracellular matrix with some cells among it | Connective tissue |
| 4 main classes of connective tissue | proper, cartilage, bone and blood |
| Connective tissue not as strong as bone but more flexible, lacks nerves and blood vessels | Cartilage |
| Cartilage that covers the ends of long bones also known as articular cartilage and during childhood forms the epiphyseal plate | Hyaline |
| Cartilage that forms the epiglottis and external ear | Elastic |
| Cartilage that resists heavy pressure and forms the intervertebral discs of the spine and the meniscus of the knee | Fibrocartilage |
| Bone that has much less structure with irregular walls | spongy |
| Well supplied with blood vessels synthesizes red blood cells exists as spongy or compact Osseous tissue that supports and protects body structures | bones |
| Bone that has very organized structure based on units called osteons | compact |
| Nervous tissue cells that conduct impulses and control target sites | neurons |
| Nervous tissue cells that support the neurons | supporting cells |
| 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| The ____________ of cardiac muscles are uninucleate striated and have junctions between them called intercalated discs | cells |
| Exists in the walls of hollow organs to adjust the lumen diameter and in some organs to propel substances | smooth muscle cells |
| Also called muscle fibers because of their significant length are multinucleated and have a striated appearance because of the pattern the contractile proteins forms | skeletal muscle cells |
| The __________ of compact bone have a sophisticated structure | osteons |
| Layers of calcified matrix | lamellae |
| Central canal that contains blood vessels | Haversian canal |
| In order to distribute blood __________ canals of the osteons are connected to it neighboring osteons with _________ canals. | central, transverse |
| Spongy bone replaced in ______ to ______ yrs | 3, 4 |
| Compact bone replaced every _______ years | 10 |
| Provides hair with nutrients | dermal papilla |
| Modified epidermal cells forming a tube | hair follicles |
| Where the hair cells divide | hair matrix |
| Smooth muscles which are attached to a hair follicle at one end and the dermis at the other end contract to produce goose bumps | piloerector muscles |
| Determines in hair the degree of straightness or curliness | cross sectional shape |
| Color of hair determined from | different proportions of different pigments |
| Excessive hairiness caused by hormonal imbalances | hirsutism |
| Forms at the end of the hairs life cycle and can be seen when the hair is pulled out | club |
| White crescent at the proximal end of the nail which results from the thickness obscuring the underlying blood vessels | lunule |
| Base of each nail | nail matrix |
| Contains hard keratin as opposed to the soft keratin of the epidermis | nails |
| Most of the hair in females and children but some of the hair in males | Vellus hair |
| Coarser longer and considered "normal hair" | terminal hair |
| Fine unpigmented hair mostly gone by birth | lanugo |
| Made up of dead cells which contains hard keratin | hair |
| Contains the information for making proteins | DNA |
| In addition to contributing to cellular structure perform the functions to maintain life have a very limited life span and therefore need to be constantly replenished | proteins |
| Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| Information on the DNA molecule for making a specific protein is put into a temporary molecule called | messenger RNA |
| Mobile leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where a protein is made from its formation | mRNA |
| Normal purposes of cell division include | developmental growth, cell replacements, and tissue repair |
| Cell division that consists of the increase of cells during fetal growth childhood and adolescence | developmental growth |
| Cell division that consists of cells that replace other cells that naturally turnover | cell replacement |
| Cell division that occurs when damage has been done and cells need to be replaced | tissue repair |
| Ability of cells to replicate | mitosis |
| The 1st phase after the cells formation and can be subdivided` | Interphase |
| The duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes from chromatin, consists fo sister chromatids connected by a centromere, centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell | Prophase |
| Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, sister chromatids are attached to the centrioles by spindle fibers | Metaphase |
| Mitosis has 4 phases | Interphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase |
| Occurs after interphase, process for distributing DNA to opposite ends of the cell, prepares the cell for dividing down the middle in order to outfit each new cell with DNA | Mitosis |
| The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other are pulled to the opposite ends by spindle fibers | Anaphase |
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