A&P Midterm Essay Questions
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| What are the Four major Classes of Organic Compounds? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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| Describe Structure and Function of Carbohydrates | Contains C-O-H (H:O is 2:1). They are components of the cell wall in the form of cellulose. Are used as a source of energy
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| Describe Structure and Function of Lipids | Contains C-H-O (H:O is >2:1 but inconsistent)Includes fats, cholesterol, waxes, and oilUsed as stored energy and as cell structuresThe building block of lipids are fatty acids.
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| Describe the Structure and Function of Proteins | Made of C-H-O-N-S (amino acids)Provides structural support (collagen), act in muscle contraction, as hormones, blood transport, as antibodies, and as enzymes.
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| Describe the Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids | They are DNA and RNA that carry genetic information and pass them down generations. Also acts as ATP and energy transfer.
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| What are the relevant components of the Plasma Membrane | Phospholipids, Protein, Glycoprotein, Cholesterol, Oxygen
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| Role of Phospholipids in Plasma Membrane | Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Water-attracting heads anchor the membrane to cytoplasmWater-hating tails block large water-soluable molecules from passing while permitting fat-soluable molecules to cross freely
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| Role of Proteins in Plasma Membrane | Are embedded in membrane and transports water-soluable molecules such as sugars and amino acids.
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| Role of Glycoproteins in Plasma Membrane | Are proteins bonded to carbohydrates. They identify the cell as belonging to a unique organism allowing the immune system to detect foreign cells.
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| Role of Cholesterol in Plasma Membrane | Acts as a stabilizer that limits the movement of slippery phospholipids from moving back and forth.
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| Role of Oxygen in Plasma Membrane | Diffuses in and out of cell through tiny gaps in the membrane. As the cell consumes oxygen, the higher concentration outside the cell allows the oxygen the free-flow into the cell, allowing the cell to carry out aerobic respiration continually.
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| Why is Plasma Membrane "mosiac" and "fluid"? | "Mosiac" means that the membrane is made up of many different components and can be considered as a two dimentional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less freely.
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| Method of Active Transport | Uses energy to move a solute "uphill" against a gradient. It can move solutes in and out of a cell but energy is always used to move the solute against the concentration gradient.
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| Method of Passive Transport | Acts a facilitated diffusion where a solute moves down a gradient and no energy input is required.
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