Definitions
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| Potential energy | stored energy
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| Kinetic energy | energy of motion/movement
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| Chemical energy | Energy stored in a molecule's chemical bonds. Most important type of energy in human body.
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
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| Three important molecules in the human body function primarily in chemical energy storage: | Triglycerides, Glucose, ATP
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| Triglycerides | involved in long-term energy storage in adipose connective tissue
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| Glucose | stored in the liver and muscle tissue in the form of the polymer glycogen
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| ATP | stored in all cells in limited amounts and is produced continuously and used immediately for cells' energy-requiring processes
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| Electrical energy | Movement of charged particles. ex: impulse by a neuron due to the movement of ions across its plasma membrane
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| Mechanical energy | An object in motion. ex: muscle contraction for walking, pumping action of heart to circulate blood
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| Sound energy | Molecules that move in a solid, liquid or gas is caused by a vibrating object. ex: vibration of vocal cords, vibration of tympanic membrane in ear
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| Radiant energy | Energy of electromagnetic waves traveling in the universe. ex: gamma rays, xrays, UV light
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| Heat | Kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms, ions or molecules. Usually considered a waste product. Only type of energy that is not available to do work.
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| Temperature | Measurement of heat of a substance
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| Thermodynamics | Study of energy transformations
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| First law of thermodynamics | Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or converted from one form to another.
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| Second law of transformation | Every time energy is transformed from one form to another, some of the energy is converted to heat.
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| Metabolism | Collective term for all chemical reactions in living organisms.
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| Chemical reaction | Occurs when chemical bonds in an existing molecular structure are broken and new ones formed to product different structures.
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| Chemical equation | When chemical structures are changed, a summary of their changes is written in this form.
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| Reactants | Substrates or substances that are present prior to the start of the chemical reaction - written on the left side of the equation
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| Products | Substances that are formed by the subsequent chemical reaction and they are generally written on the right side of the equation.
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| Decomposition reaction | The initial large molecule is digested or broken down into small structures. Occurs during the hydrolysis reaction.
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| Catabolism | All decomposition reactions are collectively referred to as.....
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| Synthesis reaction | Occurs when two or more atoms, ions or molecules are combined to form a larger chemical structure as existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. ex: dehydration reaction
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| Anabolism | Collective term for all synthesis reactions in the body.
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| Exchange reaction | Atoms, molecules, ions or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures. It is the most prevalent in the human body. ATP production is an example.
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| Oxidation-Reduction reaction (redox reaction) | Specific type of exchange reaction that involves the movement of electrons from one chemical structure to another.
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| Oxidation | When a molecule, atom or ion LOSES an electron.
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| Reduction | When a molecule, atom or ion GAINS an electron.
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| NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | Modified dinucleotide that is linked at the phosphates and contains nicotinamide. Important in ATP synthesis.
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| Exergonic reactions | Reactants at the start of a reaction that have more energy within their chemical bonds than do the products that are formed. (Energy goes out or is released during the course of breakdown reactions.) ex: Decomposition reactions
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| Endergonic reactions | Reactants that have less energy within their chemical bonds than do the products. (Energy must be put in or supplied in order to proceed)
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| Irreversible reaction | Reactants converted to product at a rate that yields a net loss of reactants and a net gain in product.
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| Reversible reaction | It does not proceed only to the right with reactants becoming products over time, but instead reactants become products at a rate equal to products becoming reactants.
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| Reaction rate | Measurement of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place.
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| Activation energy | The energy required to break existing chemical bonds
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