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Chapter 3
Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion/movement |
| Chemical energy | Energy stored in a molecule's chemical bonds. Most important type of energy in human body. |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Three important molecules in the human body function primarily in chemical energy storage: | Triglycerides, Glucose, ATP |
| Triglycerides | involved in long-term energy storage in adipose connective tissue |
| Glucose | stored in the liver and muscle tissue in the form of the polymer glycogen |
| ATP | stored in all cells in limited amounts and is produced continuously and used immediately for cells' energy-requiring processes |
| Electrical energy | Movement of charged particles. ex: impulse by a neuron due to the movement of ions across its plasma membrane |
| Mechanical energy | An object in motion. ex: muscle contraction for walking, pumping action of heart to circulate blood |
| Sound energy | Molecules that move in a solid, liquid or gas is caused by a vibrating object. ex: vibration of vocal cords, vibration of tympanic membrane in ear |
| Radiant energy | Energy of electromagnetic waves traveling in the universe. ex: gamma rays, xrays, UV light |
| Heat | Kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms, ions or molecules. Usually considered a waste product. Only type of energy that is not available to do work. |
| Temperature | Measurement of heat of a substance |
| Thermodynamics | Study of energy transformations |
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed or converted from one form to another. |
| Second law of transformation | Every time energy is transformed from one form to another, some of the energy is converted to heat. |
| Metabolism | Collective term for all chemical reactions in living organisms. |
| Chemical reaction | Occurs when chemical bonds in an existing molecular structure are broken and new ones formed to product different structures. |
| Chemical equation | When chemical structures are changed, a summary of their changes is written in this form. |
| Reactants | Substrates or substances that are present prior to the start of the chemical reaction - written on the left side of the equation |
| Products | Substances that are formed by the subsequent chemical reaction and they are generally written on the right side of the equation. |
| Decomposition reaction | The initial large molecule is digested or broken down into small structures. Occurs during the hydrolysis reaction. |
| Catabolism | All decomposition reactions are collectively referred to as..... |
| Synthesis reaction | Occurs when two or more atoms, ions or molecules are combined to form a larger chemical structure as existing bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. ex: dehydration reaction |
| Anabolism | Collective term for all synthesis reactions in the body. |
| Exchange reaction | Atoms, molecules, ions or electrons are exchanged between two chemical structures. It is the most prevalent in the human body. ATP production is an example. |
| Oxidation-Reduction reaction (redox reaction) | Specific type of exchange reaction that involves the movement of electrons from one chemical structure to another. |
| Oxidation | When a molecule, atom or ion LOSES an electron. |
| Reduction | When a molecule, atom or ion GAINS an electron. |
| NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | Modified dinucleotide that is linked at the phosphates and contains nicotinamide. Important in ATP synthesis. |
| Exergonic reactions | Reactants at the start of a reaction that have more energy within their chemical bonds than do the products that are formed. (Energy goes out or is released during the course of breakdown reactions.) ex: Decomposition reactions |
| Endergonic reactions | Reactants that have less energy within their chemical bonds than do the products. (Energy must be put in or supplied in order to proceed) |
| Irreversible reaction | Reactants converted to product at a rate that yields a net loss of reactants and a net gain in product. |
| Reversible reaction | It does not proceed only to the right with reactants becoming products over time, but instead reactants become products at a rate equal to products becoming reactants. |
| Reaction rate | Measurement of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place. |
| Activation energy | The energy required to break existing chemical bonds |
Created by:
daydreamer67
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