chapter 6 skeletal ICTC
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| What are the functions of the skeleton? | provide framework that supports the body, protect internal organs from mechanical injury, contains and protects red bone marrow, provides storage site for excess calcium
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| What are osteocytes? | bone cells
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| What is the matrix of bones made of? | calcium salts and collagen
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| Is the matrix living or non living? | non living
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| What bone tissue looks solid, is precisely structured, and is made of osteons and haversian systems? | compact bone
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| What are microscopic cylinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canals? | haversian system
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| What contains blood vessels and osteocytes that are in contact with one another through canaliculi in the matrix? | haversian canals
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| What type of bone tissue has visible cavities with osteocytes, matrix, and blood vessels present but not arranged in a haversian system? | spongy bone
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| What is contained in the cavity of spongy bone? | red bone marrow
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| What does red bone marrow produce? | red blood cells, platelets, and 5 kinds of white blood cells
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| Where are long bones in the body? | arms, legs, hands, and feet
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| What is the shaft of the long bone? | diaphysis
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| What is the diaphysis made of? | made of compact bone and is hollow forming a canal within the shaft
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| What does the canal of the diaphysis contain? | yellow bone marrow
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| What is the end of the long bone called? | epiphyses
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| What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
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| Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles
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| Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones
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| Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones
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| What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones
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| what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage
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| What is the fibrous connective tissuemembrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and li nts that attach to the bone? | periosteum
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| What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone
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| What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts
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| what is ossification? | production of bone matrix
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| Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone
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| what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue
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| What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix
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| What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone
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| What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
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| Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles
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| Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones
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| Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones
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| What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones
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| what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage
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| What is the fibrous connective tissue membrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and ligaments that attach to the bone? | periosteum
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| What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone
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| What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts
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| what is ossification? | production of bone matrix
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| Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone
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| what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue
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| What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix
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| What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone
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| What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull
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| What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth
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| In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs
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| Between what ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone
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| what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast
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| Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption
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| How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal
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| What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow
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| What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat
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| Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones
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| What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise
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| For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced
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| what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland
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| What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis
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| What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland
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| What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types
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| What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose
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| What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland
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| What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys
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| What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland
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| What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level
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| respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix
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| What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull
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| What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth
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| In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs
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| Between whar ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone
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| what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast
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| Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption
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| How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal
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| What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow
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| What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat
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| Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones
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| What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise
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| For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced
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| what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland
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| What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis
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| What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland
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| What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types
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| What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose
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| What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland
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| What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys
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| What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland
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| What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level
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| respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix
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| What type of fracture has broken parts that are still in anatomical position and minimal tissue damage? | simple(closed)
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| What fracture is where the broken end of the bone has been moved and it pierces the skin with extensive damage to surronding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles? | compound(open)
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| What fracture does the bone split longitudinally and occurs more often in children? | greenstick
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| Two or more intersecting breaks create several bone fragments are called? | comminuted
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| The broken ends of a bone are forced into one another and many bone fragments may be created in this kind of fracture? | impacted
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| When a bone breaks without apparent trauma, it is called? | pathological(spontaneous)
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| What disease is characterized by excessive loss of calcium without sufficient replacrment? | osteoporosis
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| toward the back | dorsal
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| toward the front | ventral
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| away from the midline/at the side | lateral
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| toward the midline | medial
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| closest to the point of attachment | proximal
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| farthest from the point of attachment | distal
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| a connective tissue made of chondrocytes in a protein matrix | cartilage
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| a sac of synovial fluid that decreases friction between a tendon and a bone | bursae
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| a fibrous connective structure that connects bone to bone | ligament
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| what are the cells that make up fibrous connective tissue? | fibroblasts
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| What is fibrous connective tissue most important characteristic? | strength
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| What is the purpose of the periosteum in long bones? | anchors structures and contains blood vessels that enter the bone itself and osteoblast if bone is damaged
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| rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint | condyle
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| rounded projection beyond a narrow neckline | head
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| What area of attachment is a very large process? | trochanter
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| what area of attachment is a ridge? | crest
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| what area of attachment is a sharp promient projection? | spine
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| meatus | a tube shaped opening
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| foramen | a hole
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| sinus | a cavity or sponge
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| What forms the axis of the body and what does it contain? | axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
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| What supports the appendages and what does it contain? | appendicular skeleton - arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle
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| stretching or tearing of the ligaments or joint? | sprain
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| How many bones are in the body? | 206
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| skull consists of how many cranial bones? | 8
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| what are canial bones? | frontal bone, left and right parietal, occipital, left and right temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
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| The skull contains how many facial bones? | 14
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| what bone supports base of tongue? | hyoid
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| forms the forehead and anterior part of the top of the skull | frontal bone
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| forms the posterior top and much of the side walls of the skull | parietal bones
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| on the side of the skull and contains the ear canl,middle ear cavity, and inner ear labyrinth | temporal
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| forms lower. posterior part of the braincase | occipital
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| large opening for the spinal cord and the two condyles | foramen magnum
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| shaped like a bat, visible on the side of the skull between the frontal and temporal bones | sphenoid
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| has a vertical projection called the crista galli that anchors the cranial meninges, forms the roof and upper walls of the nasal cavity, and upper part of the nasal septum | ethmoid
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| immovable joints between the cranial bones | sutures
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| only movable facial bone | mandible
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| joint between mandible and temporal bone | condyloid joint
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| forms the anterior portion of the hard palate, two upper jaw bones | maxillae
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| these two bones form the bridge of the nose where they articulate with the frontal bone | nasal bones
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| these two bones form the point of the cheek and articulates with the maixilla, frontal bone, and temporal bone | zygomatic bone
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| at the medial side of each orbit, contains the lacrimal sac | lacrimal bone
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| posterior portion of the hard palate | palatine bones
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| forms the lower part of the nasal septum and articulates with the ethmoid bone | vomer
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| scroll like bones that curl downward from the sides of the nasal cavities, help increase surface area of the nasal mucosa | conchae
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| air cavities located in the maxillae, and frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones | paranasal sinuses
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| air cavities in the mastoid process of each temporal bone, they open into the middle ear | mastoid sinus
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| three auditory bones within the middle ear cavity | malleus, incus, and stapes
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| where are the cervical vertebrae located and how many are there? | neck, 7
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| what is the first cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | atlas, supports skull and pivots
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| what is the second cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | axis, pivot, enables head to turn
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| articulates with the ribs on the posterior side | thoracic vertebrae
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| how many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12
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| how many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5
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| largest and strongert bones of the spine, located in the small of the back | lumbar vertebrae
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| permits the articulation of the two hip bones | sacrum
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| what is the joint called that permits the articulation of the two hip bones? | sacroiliac joints
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| how many fused vertebrae of the sacrum? | 5
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| remnants of tail vertbrae with some muscles of the perinium attached to it | coccyx
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| how many vertebrae of the coccyx? | 4 or 5
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| continous tunnel lined with meninges within the bones that contain the spinal cord and protect it from mechanical injury | vertebral canal
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| supporting part of the vertebrae | body
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| what are discs made of? | fibrous cartilage
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| direction of cervical curve | forward
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| direction of thoracic curve | backward
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| direction of lumbar curve | forward
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| direction of sacral curve | backward
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| protects lungs, liver, and heart | rib cage
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| directly involved with functioning of respiratory system | rib cage
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| three parts of the sternum | manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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| rib cage consists of? | 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
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| first 7 pairs of ribs | true ribs
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| next 3 pairs of ribs | false ribs
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| last 2 pairs of ribs | floating ribs
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| all the ribs articulate posteriorly with? | the thoracic vertebrae
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| attaches the arms to the axial skeleton | shoulder girdle
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| bones of the shoulder | scapula and clavicle
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| articulates laterally with the scapula | clavicle
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| long bone of upper arm | humerus
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| elbow is what kind of joint? | hinge joint
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| forearm bones | ulna and radius
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| bone on the thumb side | radius
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| bone on little finger side | ulna
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| carpals | 8 small bones of the wrist
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| metacarpals | 5 bones of the palm of the hand
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| phalanges | bones of the fingers
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| articulate with the axial skeleton of the sacrum | pelvic girdle
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| 3 major parts of the hip bone | ilium, ischium, pubis
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| two pubic bones articulate with one another at the? | pubic symphysis
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| long bone of thigh | femur
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| tarsals | 7 bones in the ankles
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| metatarsals | 5 long bones of each foot
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| phalanges | bones of the toes
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| weight bearing bone of the lower leg | tibia
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| kneecap | patella
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| does not bear much weight for the lower leg | fibula
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| calcaneus | heel bone
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| where 2 bones meet or articulate | joint
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| immovable joint | synarthrosis
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| example of synarthrosis | suture -fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces - between cranial bones, between facial bones
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| slightly movable joint | amphiarthrosis
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| example of amphiarthrosis | synovial - disc of fibrous cartilage between bones - between vertebrae, between pubic bones
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| freely movable joint | diathrosis
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| types of diathrosis joints | ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle
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| ball and socket | movement in all planes, scapula and humerus, pelvic bone and femur
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| hinge | movement in one plane, humerus and ulna, femur and tibia, between phalanges
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| condyloid | movement in one plane with some lateral movement, temporal bone and mandible
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| pivot | rotation, atlas and axis, radius and ulna
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| gliding | side-to-side movement, between carpals
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| saddle | movement in several planes, carpometacarpal of thumb
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| all diarthroses are what kinds of joints because they share similar structures? | synovial
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| small sacs of synovial fluid between the joints and tendons | bursae
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| inflammation if joint | arthritis
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| kyphosis | exaggerated thoracic curve - hunchback
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| lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curve - swayback
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| abnormal lateral curvature | scoliosis
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