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Stack #148176
chapter 6 skeletal ICTC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the skeleton? | provide framework that supports the body, protect internal organs from mechanical injury, contains and protects red bone marrow, provides storage site for excess calcium |
| What are osteocytes? | bone cells |
| What is the matrix of bones made of? | calcium salts and collagen |
| Is the matrix living or non living? | non living |
| What bone tissue looks solid, is precisely structured, and is made of osteons and haversian systems? | compact bone |
| What are microscopic cylinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canals? | haversian system |
| What contains blood vessels and osteocytes that are in contact with one another through canaliculi in the matrix? | haversian canals |
| What type of bone tissue has visible cavities with osteocytes, matrix, and blood vessels present but not arranged in a haversian system? | spongy bone |
| What is contained in the cavity of spongy bone? | red bone marrow |
| What does red bone marrow produce? | red blood cells, platelets, and 5 kinds of white blood cells |
| Where are long bones in the body? | arms, legs, hands, and feet |
| What is the shaft of the long bone? | diaphysis |
| What is the diaphysis made of? | made of compact bone and is hollow forming a canal within the shaft |
| What does the canal of the diaphysis contain? | yellow bone marrow |
| What is the end of the long bone called? | epiphyses |
| What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone |
| Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles |
| Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones |
| Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones |
| What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones |
| what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage |
| What is the fibrous connective tissuemembrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and li nts that attach to the bone? | periosteum |
| What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone |
| What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts |
| what is ossification? | production of bone matrix |
| Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone |
| what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue |
| What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix |
| What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone |
| What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone |
| Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles |
| Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones |
| Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones |
| What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones |
| what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage |
| What is the fibrous connective tissue membrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and ligaments that attach to the bone? | periosteum |
| What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone |
| What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts |
| what is ossification? | production of bone matrix |
| Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone |
| what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue |
| What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix |
| What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone |
| What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull |
| What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth |
| In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs |
| Between what ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone |
| what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast |
| Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption |
| How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal |
| What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow |
| What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat |
| Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones |
| What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise |
| For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced |
| what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland |
| What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis |
| What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland |
| What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types |
| What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose |
| What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland |
| What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys |
| What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland |
| What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level |
| respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix |
| What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull |
| What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth |
| In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs |
| Between whar ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone |
| what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast |
| Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption |
| How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal |
| What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow |
| What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat |
| Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones |
| What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise |
| For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced |
| what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland |
| What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis |
| What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland |
| What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types |
| What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose |
| What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland |
| What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys |
| What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland |
| What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level |
| respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix |
| What type of fracture has broken parts that are still in anatomical position and minimal tissue damage? | simple(closed) |
| What fracture is where the broken end of the bone has been moved and it pierces the skin with extensive damage to surronding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles? | compound(open) |
| What fracture does the bone split longitudinally and occurs more often in children? | greenstick |
| Two or more intersecting breaks create several bone fragments are called? | comminuted |
| The broken ends of a bone are forced into one another and many bone fragments may be created in this kind of fracture? | impacted |
| When a bone breaks without apparent trauma, it is called? | pathological(spontaneous) |
| What disease is characterized by excessive loss of calcium without sufficient replacrment? | osteoporosis |
| toward the back | dorsal |
| toward the front | ventral |
| away from the midline/at the side | lateral |
| toward the midline | medial |
| closest to the point of attachment | proximal |
| farthest from the point of attachment | distal |
| a connective tissue made of chondrocytes in a protein matrix | cartilage |
| a sac of synovial fluid that decreases friction between a tendon and a bone | bursae |
| a fibrous connective structure that connects bone to bone | ligament |
| what are the cells that make up fibrous connective tissue? | fibroblasts |
| What is fibrous connective tissue most important characteristic? | strength |
| What is the purpose of the periosteum in long bones? | anchors structures and contains blood vessels that enter the bone itself and osteoblast if bone is damaged |
| rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint | condyle |
| rounded projection beyond a narrow neckline | head |
| What area of attachment is a very large process? | trochanter |
| what area of attachment is a ridge? | crest |
| what area of attachment is a sharp promient projection? | spine |
| meatus | a tube shaped opening |
| foramen | a hole |
| sinus | a cavity or sponge |
| What forms the axis of the body and what does it contain? | axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| What supports the appendages and what does it contain? | appendicular skeleton - arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle |
| stretching or tearing of the ligaments or joint? | sprain |
| How many bones are in the body? | 206 |
| skull consists of how many cranial bones? | 8 |
| what are canial bones? | frontal bone, left and right parietal, occipital, left and right temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
| The skull contains how many facial bones? | 14 |
| what bone supports base of tongue? | hyoid |
| forms the forehead and anterior part of the top of the skull | frontal bone |
| forms the posterior top and much of the side walls of the skull | parietal bones |
| on the side of the skull and contains the ear canl,middle ear cavity, and inner ear labyrinth | temporal |
| forms lower. posterior part of the braincase | occipital |
| large opening for the spinal cord and the two condyles | foramen magnum |
| shaped like a bat, visible on the side of the skull between the frontal and temporal bones | sphenoid |
| has a vertical projection called the crista galli that anchors the cranial meninges, forms the roof and upper walls of the nasal cavity, and upper part of the nasal septum | ethmoid |
| immovable joints between the cranial bones | sutures |
| only movable facial bone | mandible |
| joint between mandible and temporal bone | condyloid joint |
| forms the anterior portion of the hard palate, two upper jaw bones | maxillae |
| these two bones form the bridge of the nose where they articulate with the frontal bone | nasal bones |
| these two bones form the point of the cheek and articulates with the maixilla, frontal bone, and temporal bone | zygomatic bone |
| at the medial side of each orbit, contains the lacrimal sac | lacrimal bone |
| posterior portion of the hard palate | palatine bones |
| forms the lower part of the nasal septum and articulates with the ethmoid bone | vomer |
| scroll like bones that curl downward from the sides of the nasal cavities, help increase surface area of the nasal mucosa | conchae |
| air cavities located in the maxillae, and frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones | paranasal sinuses |
| air cavities in the mastoid process of each temporal bone, they open into the middle ear | mastoid sinus |
| three auditory bones within the middle ear cavity | malleus, incus, and stapes |
| where are the cervical vertebrae located and how many are there? | neck, 7 |
| what is the first cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | atlas, supports skull and pivots |
| what is the second cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | axis, pivot, enables head to turn |
| articulates with the ribs on the posterior side | thoracic vertebrae |
| how many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12 |
| how many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 |
| largest and strongert bones of the spine, located in the small of the back | lumbar vertebrae |
| permits the articulation of the two hip bones | sacrum |
| what is the joint called that permits the articulation of the two hip bones? | sacroiliac joints |
| how many fused vertebrae of the sacrum? | 5 |
| remnants of tail vertbrae with some muscles of the perinium attached to it | coccyx |
| how many vertebrae of the coccyx? | 4 or 5 |
| continous tunnel lined with meninges within the bones that contain the spinal cord and protect it from mechanical injury | vertebral canal |
| supporting part of the vertebrae | body |
| what are discs made of? | fibrous cartilage |
| direction of cervical curve | forward |
| direction of thoracic curve | backward |
| direction of lumbar curve | forward |
| direction of sacral curve | backward |
| protects lungs, liver, and heart | rib cage |
| directly involved with functioning of respiratory system | rib cage |
| three parts of the sternum | manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
| rib cage consists of? | 12 pairs of ribs and sternum |
| first 7 pairs of ribs | true ribs |
| next 3 pairs of ribs | false ribs |
| last 2 pairs of ribs | floating ribs |
| all the ribs articulate posteriorly with? | the thoracic vertebrae |
| attaches the arms to the axial skeleton | shoulder girdle |
| bones of the shoulder | scapula and clavicle |
| articulates laterally with the scapula | clavicle |
| long bone of upper arm | humerus |
| elbow is what kind of joint? | hinge joint |
| forearm bones | ulna and radius |
| bone on the thumb side | radius |
| bone on little finger side | ulna |
| carpals | 8 small bones of the wrist |
| metacarpals | 5 bones of the palm of the hand |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers |
| articulate with the axial skeleton of the sacrum | pelvic girdle |
| 3 major parts of the hip bone | ilium, ischium, pubis |
| two pubic bones articulate with one another at the? | pubic symphysis |
| long bone of thigh | femur |
| tarsals | 7 bones in the ankles |
| metatarsals | 5 long bones of each foot |
| phalanges | bones of the toes |
| weight bearing bone of the lower leg | tibia |
| kneecap | patella |
| does not bear much weight for the lower leg | fibula |
| calcaneus | heel bone |
| where 2 bones meet or articulate | joint |
| immovable joint | synarthrosis |
| example of synarthrosis | suture -fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces - between cranial bones, between facial bones |
| slightly movable joint | amphiarthrosis |
| example of amphiarthrosis | synovial - disc of fibrous cartilage between bones - between vertebrae, between pubic bones |
| freely movable joint | diathrosis |
| types of diathrosis joints | ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle |
| ball and socket | movement in all planes, scapula and humerus, pelvic bone and femur |
| hinge | movement in one plane, humerus and ulna, femur and tibia, between phalanges |
| condyloid | movement in one plane with some lateral movement, temporal bone and mandible |
| pivot | rotation, atlas and axis, radius and ulna |
| gliding | side-to-side movement, between carpals |
| saddle | movement in several planes, carpometacarpal of thumb |
| all diarthroses are what kinds of joints because they share similar structures? | synovial |
| small sacs of synovial fluid between the joints and tendons | bursae |
| inflammation if joint | arthritis |
| kyphosis | exaggerated thoracic curve - hunchback |
| lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curve - swayback |
| abnormal lateral curvature | scoliosis |
Created by:
wrighth
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