Vocabulary from A&P Chapter 1
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| Anatomy | the study of the internal and external structures of the body
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| Physiology | the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
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| Gross anatomy | the study of structures usually visible to the unaided eye
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| Microscopic anatomy | the study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
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| Cytology | the study of the internal structure of individual cells
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| Histology | the examination of tissues
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| Tissue | a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
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| Organ | a structure composed of two or more types of tissue
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| Organ system | a group of organs interacting to perform a particular function
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| 12 organ systems of the body | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, special sensory
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| Integumentary system | composed of the skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails; protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information
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| Skeletal system | composed of bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, and bone marrow; provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells
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| Muscular system | composed of skeletal muscles and associated tendons; provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, and generates heat that maintains body temperature
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| Nervous system | composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves; directs immediate stimuli, coordinates or moderates activity of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
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| Endocrine system composition | composed of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissue in other systems
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| Endocrine system function | directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
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| Cardiovascular system | composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels; distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, and distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
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| Lymphatic system | composed of the spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils; defends against infection and disease, and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
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| Respiratory system | composed of the nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli; delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide to/from bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication
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| Digestive system | composed of the teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, and stores energy reserves
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| Urinary system | composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance, stores urine, and regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
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| Male reproductive system | composed of the testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum; produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones, and permits sexual intercourse
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| Female reproductive system | composed of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands; produces female sex cells and hormones, supports embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish the infant, and permits sexual intercourse
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| Special sensory system | composed of the eyes, ears, and nose; provides hearing, sight, and sense of smell
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| Cell physiology | processes within and between cells
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| Special physiology | physiology of specific organs
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| Systemic physiology | functions of an organ system
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| Pathological physiology | effects of disease
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| Homeostasis | all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
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| Autoregulation | automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
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| Extrinsic regulation | responses controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems
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| Receptor | tissue that receives the stimulus
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| Control center | tissue that processes the signal and responds to it
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| Effector | tissue that carries out instructions
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| Negative feedback | a feedback loop in which the response of the effector negates the stimulus, returning the body to a state of homeostasis
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| Positive feedback | a feedback loop in which the response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus; the body is moved away from homeostasis, and normal range is lost; used to speed up processes
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| Systems integration | The interaction of several organ systems to perform specific functions of homeostatic regulation
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| Homeostatic regulation of body temperature | carried out by integumentary system (heat loss), muscular system (heat production), cardiovascular system (heat distribution), and nervous system (coordination of blood flow, heat production, and heat loss)
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| Homeostatic regulation of nutrient concentration | carried out by digestive system (nutrient absorption, storage, and release), cardiovascular system (nutrient distribution), and urinary system (control of nutrient loss in the urine)
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| Homeostatic regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels | carried out by the respiratory system (absorption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide) and the cardiovascular system (internal transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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| Homeostatic regulation of body fluid volume | carried out by urinary system (elimination or conservation of water from blood), digestive system (absorption of water, and loss of water via feces), integumentary system (loss of water via perspiration), and cardiovascular system (distribution of water)
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| Homeostatic regulation of waste product concentration | carried out by the urinary system (elimination of waste products from blood), digestive system (elimination of waste products by the liver in feces), and cardiovascular system (transport of waste products to excretion sites)
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| Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure | carried out by the cardiovascular system (pressure generated by the heart moves blood) and nervous/endocrine systems (adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter)
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| Anatomical position | body upright, hands at sides, palms forward
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| Supine | lying down face up
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| Prone | lying down face down
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| Anatomical landmarks | references to palpable structures
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| Anatomical regions | consist of body regions, abdominopelvic quadrants, and abdominopelvic regions
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| Cephalon/cephalic | head
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| Cranium/cranial | skull
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| Facies/facial | face
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| Frons/frontal | forehead
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| Oculus/ocular | eye
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| Auris/otic | ear
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| Nasus/nasal | nose
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| Bucca/buccal | cheek
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| Oris/oral | mouth
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| Mentis/mental | chin
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| Cervicis/cervical | neck
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| Trunk | thorax, mamma, abdomen, and umbilicus
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| Thorax/thoracic | chest
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| Axilla/axillary | armpit
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| Mamma/mammary | breast
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| Abdomen/abdominal | stomach
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| Umbilicus/umbilical | navel
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| Brachium/brachial | upper arm
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| Antecubitis/antecubital | front of elbow
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| Antebrachium/antebrachial | forearm
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| Carpus/carpal | wrist
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| Palma/palmar | palm
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| Pollex | thumb
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| Digit/digital | finger or toe
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| Phalanx/phalangeal | finger or toe
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| Manus/manual | hand
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| Inguen/inguinal | groin
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| Pubis/pubic | anterior pelvis
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| Femur/femoral | thigh
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| Patella/patellar | kneecap
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| Crus/crural | shin
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| Tarsus/tarsal | ankle
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| Pes/pedal | foot
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| Hallux | big toe
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| Acromion/acromial | point of the shoulder
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| Dorsum/dorsal | back
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| Olecranon/olecranial | back of elbow
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| Lumbus/lumbar | loin
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| Gluteus/gluteal | buttock
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| Popliteus/popliteal | back of the knee
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| Sura/sural | calf
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| Calcaneus/calcaneal | heel
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| Planta/plantar | foot
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| Body regions | cephalon, cervicis, thoracis, brachium, antebrachium, carpus, manus, abdomen, lumbus, gluteus, pelvis, pubis, inguen, femur, crus, sura, tarsus, pes, planta
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| Abdominopelvic quadrants | right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
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| Right hypochondriac region | Upper right abdominopelvic region
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| Epigastric region | Upper medial abdominopelvic region
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| Left hypochondriac region | Upper left abdominopelvic region
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| Right lumbar region | Central right abdominopelvic region
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| Umbilical region | Central medial abdominopelvic region
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| Left lumbar region | Central left abdominopelvic region
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| Right inguinal region | Lower right abdominopelvic region
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| Hypogastric region | Lower medial abdominopelvic region
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| Left inguinal region | Lower left abdominopelvic region
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| Anterior | front/before
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| Ventral | belly
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| Posterior | back/behind
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| Dorsal | back
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| Cranial/cephalic | head
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| Superior | at a higher level
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| Caudal | toward the tail or coccyx
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| Inferior | at a lower level
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| Medial | toward the midsagittal plane
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| Lateral | away from the midsagittal plane
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| Proximal | toward an attached base
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| Distal | away from an attached base
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| Superficial | closer to the surface
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| Deep | further from the surface
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| Frontal/coronal | a section that separates the anterior and posterior of the body; coronal refers to sections passing through the skull
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| Sagittal | a section that separates the left and right portions
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| Midsagittal | a section that evenly divides the left and right portions of the body
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| Parasagittal | a section that unevenly divides the left and right portions of the body
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| Transverse | a section that separates the superior and inferior portions of the body
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| Cross section | a transverse section
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| Functions of body cavities | protect organs from accidental shocks and permit changes in size or shape of internal organs
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| Coelom | ventral body cavity
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| Ventral body cavity | the anterior cavity of the human body
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| Diaphragm | separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| Thoracic cavity | superior cavity contained within the coelom
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| Abdominopelvic cavity | inferior cavity contained within the coelom
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| Pleural cavity | left or right thoracic cavity containing the lung
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| Mediastinum | medial thoracic cavity containing the trachea, esophagus, major vessels, and pericardium
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| Pericardial cavity | medial thoracic cavity containing the heart
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| Peritoneal cavity | cavity contained in the abdominopelvic cavity
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| Abdominal cavity | contains most of the digestive glands and organs
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| Pelvic cavity | contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last portion of the digestive tract
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| Serous membrane | a membrane that lines the body cavity or covers organs
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| Parietal layer | serous membrane that lines a body cavity
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| Visceral layer | serous membrane that covers an organ
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| Retroperitoneal space | area posterior to the peritoneum and anterior to the muscular body wall; contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and part of the digestive tract
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