Description of obstetric and gynaecological terms and problems
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| Menarche | Onset of menstruation (~12 - 13 y.o.)
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| Thelarche | Onset of breast development (~9 - 11 y.o.)
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| Adrenarche | Onset of pubic hair development (~11 - 12 y.o.)
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| Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) | Subjectively excessive bleeding in otherwise normal cycle
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| Post-coital bleeding (PCB) | Bleeding following sexual intercourse
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| Irregular menstrual bleeding | Cycle outside 23-35 days, with >7 day variability
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| Intermenstrual bleeding | Bleeding between periods
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| Amenorrhoea | Absence of periods
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| Primary amenorrhoea | Menarche never occurs
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| Secondary amenorrhoea | Periods cease after >6 months of cycles
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| Oligomenorrhoea | Periods less than once every 35 days
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| Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism | Insufficient pituitary gland secretion of FSH and LH
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| Hyperprolactinaemia | Elevated blood levels of the hormone prolactin
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| Hypothyroidism | Underactive thyroid, low blood levels of T4
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| Polycystic ovarian syndrome | Many growing follicles in ovary, disordered gonadotrophins.
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| Dysmenorrhoea | Painful menstruation
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| Primary dysmenorrhoea | No pathological cause found on investigation
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| Secondary dysmenorrhoea | Pathology (suggested by other menstrual problems and dyspareunia)
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| Dyspareunia | Pain during intercourse
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| Superficial dyspareunia | Pain at introitus
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| Deep dyspareunia | Pain is felt inside
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| Uterine polyp | Growth of endometrium
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| Adenomyosis | Endometrial tissue within muscularis
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| Leiomyomata / fibroids | Benign smooth muscle tumours
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| von Willebrand's disease | Deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), involved in platelet adhesion
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| Precocious puberty | Menarche prior to 10 y.o.a. or secondary sexual characteristics by 8 y.o.a
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| Ambiguous sexual development | Uncertain genitalia, or mismatch between chromosomal and anatomical sex
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| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Deficiency of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis causes virilization and precocious puberty in females
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| Androgen insensitivity syndrome | Inability of cells to respond to androgens causes female anatomy impairs masculinization of males in utero
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| Guevedoches | People with the intersex condition 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
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| Leiomyosarcomata | Malignant tumours of smooth muscle
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| Haematometra | Blood accumulation within uterine cavity
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| Endometrial carcinoma | Malignant tumour derived from endometrium
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| Endometrium | Glandular lining of uterus comprised of functional and basal layers
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| Aschermann's syndrome | Intra-uterine adhesions following damage to basal layer of endometrium
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| Cervical ectropion | Columnar epithelium visible around the os
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| Cervical transformation zone | Squamous metaplasia in everted endocervix at the squamo-columnar junction
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| Nabothian follicles | Formed from squamous epithelium overlying cervical secretory columnar epithelium
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| Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | A premalignant condition confined to epithelium
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| CIN I | Dysplastic changes in lower 1/3 of epithelium
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| CIN II | Dysplastic changes in lower 2/3 of epithelium
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| CIN III | Carcinoma in situ / full thickness dysplasia
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| Human papilloma virus | DNA virus implicated in aetiology of cervical neoplasia
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| HPV 16 and 18 | Particularly high risk strains
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| HPV 6 and 11 | Lower risk, causes genital warts
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| Chocoloate cysts | Ovarian endometriosis
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| Lichen sclerosus (et atrophicus) | Painful and itchy autoimmune condition of vulva with skin thinning and loss of pigmentation
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| Bartholin's glands | A pair of mucous secreting glands posterior to labia minora
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| Bartholin's abscess | Infection of Bartholin's glands with duct blockage
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| Cystocoele | Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina
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| Rectocoele | Prolapse of the rectum into the vagina
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| Uterine prolapse | Prolapse of the uterus into the vagina
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| Procidentia | The entire uterus has prolapsed out of the vagina
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| Enterocoele | Prolapse of the pouch of Douglas into the vagina
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| Detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle wall of the bladder
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| Stress incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine when intra-abdominal pressure exceeds that of the neck of the bladder
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| Urge incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine preceded by a desire to void
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| Acute urinary retention | Inability to pass urine for > 12 hours, not due to oliguria.
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| Painful bladder syndrome | Functional syndrome of suprapubic pain on bladder filling
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| Endometriosis | Endometrial tissue outside the uterus
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| Dyschezia | Pain on passing stool
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| Chronic pelvic pain | > 6 months of pain not purely related to menstrual cycle, often functional
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| Vaginal candidiasis | Fungal infection with C. albicans in vagina
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| Bacterial vaginosis (BV) | Replacement of normal commensals with mixed flora incl. anaerobes
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| Clue cells | Microscopic appearance of various organisms in epithelial cells suggestive of BV
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| Chlamydia | A common STI (often asymptomatic), implicated in PID
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| Gonorrhoea | An STIwith potentially serious sytemic complications
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| Reiter's syndrome / reactive arthritis | Urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis.
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| Condylomata acuminata | Genital warts caused by HPV infection
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| Genital herpes | Infection with HSV2 causing a painful vesicular rash
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| Syphilis | STI causing painless ulceration
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| Trichomoniasis | Infection with flagellate protozoan
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Pelvic infection caused by ascending organisms, can result in sub-fertility
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| Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome | Perihepatitis as a complication of PID
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| Subfertility | Lack of conception after a year of regular unprotected intercourse
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| Primary subfertility | Female has never conceived
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| Secondary subfertility | Female has conceived before
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| Anovulation | Failure to produce an egg
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| Venous thrombosis | Coagulation of blood within veins, a risk of the COC
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| Contraception | Methods and devices used to prevent conception. Hormonal and barrier methods most effective.
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| Menopause | The cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity
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| Perimenopause | The time preceding and up to 12 months after menopause
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| Premature menopause | Menopause prior to 40 y.o.a.
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| Post menopausal bleeding | Bleeding after the menopause, important to exclude carcinoma
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| Osteoporosis | Thinning of trabecular bone, a problem in postmenopausal women
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| Spontaneous miscarriage | Foetus dies or delivers dead before 24 weeks (inclusive)
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| Threatened miscarriage | Bleeding, but all else normal
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| Inevitable miscarriage | Bleeding + cervical os open
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| Incomplete miscarriage | Some foetal parts passed
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| Complete miscarriage | All foetal parts passed, uterus contracted and os closed
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| Septic miscarriage | The contents of the uterus are infected
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| Missed miscarriage | The foetus has failed to develop or died in utero
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| Recurrent miscarriage | 3 or more consecutive miscarriages
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| Ectopic pregnancy | The embryo has implanted outside the uterine cavity
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| Hyperemesis gravidarum | Nausea and vomiting sufficient to cause weight loss, dehydration or electrolyte disturbances
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| Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia / molar pregnancy | Tumour of trophoblastic tissue
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| Choriocarcinoma | Malignant tumour of trophoblastic tissue
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| Pfannenstiel incision | Lower transverse incision
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| Alpha foetoprotein (AFP) | Produced by the foetal liver, elevated levels suggest neural tube defects
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| Edward's syndrome | Trisomy 18
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| Patau syndrome | Trisomy 13
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| Klinefelter's syndrome | 47 XXY
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| Turner's syndrome | 45 X0
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| Polyhydramnios | Excess amniotic fluid
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| Gastroschisis | Free loops of bowel in the amniotic cavity
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| Foetal hydrops | Accumulation of fluid in 2 or more areas within the foetus
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| Cytomegalovirus | Virus that can be transmitted to the foetus in utero
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| Herpes simplex | Virus that carries a high foetal mortality
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| Rubella | Virus causing foetal deafness. Mothers immunized
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| Pregnancy induced hypertension | b.p. > 140/90 mmHg
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| Pre-existing hypertension | Hypertension present prior to pregnancy
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| Pre-eclampsia | Inflammatory, multisystem disease of pregnancy, causing hypertension and proteinuria (etc)
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| Eclampsia | Grand-mal seizures, treat with MgSO4
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| Gestational diabetes | Development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy
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| Rhesus isoimmunization | Maternal immune response against foetal erythrocytes
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| Preterm delivery | Delivery between 24 and 37 weeks
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| Antepartum haemorrhage | Bleeding after 24 weeks
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| Placenta praevia | Low-lying placenta (marginal and major)
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| Placental abruption | Separation of the placenta from the uterus before delivery
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| "Small for dates" | Less than 10th centile
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| Foetal compromise | When the conditions for foetal growth are not optimal
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| Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) | Foetal growth is slowed or tails off, NB not necessarily small for dates
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| Foetal distress | An acute situation resulting in death or disability if delivery does not occur promptly
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| Prolonged pregnancy | >42 weeks inclusive
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| Abnormal lie | Transverse and oblique
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| Breech presentation | Feet down (extended, flexed or footling)
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| External cephalic version | A manual method to attempt to rotate foetus to gain longitudinal lie
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| Multiple pregancy | Twins > 1 in 100, triplets about 1 in 1000
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| Dizygotic twins | Twins from two oocytes
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| Monozygotic twins | Resulting from division of a single zygote
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| Dichorionic diamniotic twins | Separate placentas and amnions
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| Monochorionic diamniotic twins | Shared placenta
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| Monochorionic monoamniotic twins | Shared placenta and amnion,
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| Mechnical factors of labour | 3 Ps: powers, passage, and passenger
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| Shoulder dystocia | An obstetric emergency. Shoulders fail to deliver after head
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| Erb's palsy (Waiter's tip) | Damage to C5 and 6, can be caused by excessive head traction
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| Cord prolapse | Obstetric emergency. Cord descends below foetus, compression causes hypoxia
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| Amniotic fluid embolism | Obstetric emergency. Amniotic fluid in maternal vasculature, 80% mortality
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| The puerperium | The period up to 6 weeks post delivery
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| Post partum haemorrhage | Bleeding after delivery
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