U7P1 Euro
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| Dreyfus Affair | controversy in which a Jewish French army officer was falsely accused of selling military secrets to the Germans
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| Emile Zola | French realist writer who wrote J'Accuse, helping to exonerate Alfred Dreyfus
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| Crimean War | war caused by a religious dispute between Catholics and Orthodox Christians over Holy Land; exposed Russia's military and economic backwardness
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| Sick Man of Europe | term for crumbling Ottoman Empire
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| Alexander II | Russian tsar who emancipated Russia's serfs
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| Sergei Witte | Russian Finance Minister that oversaw Russian economic development in 1890s; railroads and tariffs
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| Russification | Alexander III's attempt to repress local customs and languages
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| Pale of Settlement | the only area of the Russian Empire in which Jews were permitted to live
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| Giuseppe Mazzini | leader of Young Italy nationalist movement
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| Giuseppe Garibaldi | leader of radical Red Shirts; he was heir to Mazzini's radical nationalist movement; gave in to liberals from north
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| Count Camillo di Cavour | liberal prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia; led Italian unification
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| Otto von Bismarck | Prussian Chancellor that led German unification
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| Franco-Prussian War of 1870 | war that resulted in unification of Germany at Versailles
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| Kulturkampf | Bismarck's attempt to subdue and take power from the Catholic Church
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| Dual Monarchy | term for Austria-Hungary after 1867
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| anti-semitism | hatred of Jews
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| Karl Lueger | anti-semitic mayor of Vienna; used anti-semitism to get elected
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| Zionism | movement to form a Jewish homeland
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| Theodor Herzl | Austrian Jewish journalist who started Zionist movement
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| Grimm Brothers | they promoted cultural German nationalism by collecting German folk tales
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| Houston Stewart Chamberlain | he believed belonging to a national group was based on "race"
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| Balfour Declaration | the British promise in 1917 to give the Jews a homeland in the Middle East
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| Realpolitik | a practical approach to politics, not based on strict ideology
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| Austro-Prussian War | in 1866, this resulted in Austria being removed from the process of German unification
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| Triple Alliance | agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
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| Weltpolitik | refers to Germany's attempt to become a world power through the expansion of its navy
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| Bosnia-Herzegovina Annexation Crisis | resulted when Bosnia-Herzegovina was taken over by Austria-Hungary instead of Serbia in 1908
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| First Balkan War | forced the Ottomans off the European continent.
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| Second Balkan War | between the Balkan states; was over how big their countries would be
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