Bones + Skeletal Tissue vocab terms
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| perichondrium | layer of dense connective tissue (that resists outward expansion + surrounds cartilage)
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| articular cartilage | covers the ends of long bones
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| costal cartilage | connects ribs to sternum
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| respiratory cartilage | makes up larynx, reinforces air passageways
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| nasal cartilage | supports nose
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| appositional growth | cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
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| interstitial growth | lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
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| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
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| appendicular skeleton | bones of the upper & lower limbs + girdles
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| girdles | shoulders + hip bones (connect to axial skeleton
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| long bones | longer than they are wide
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| short bones | cube-shaped bones of the ankle & the wrist
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| sesamoid bone | bone that forms within tendons
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| flat bones | thin, flattened, & a bit curved (sternum + most skull bones)
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| irregular bones | bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae + hip bones
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| sesamoiditis | caused by doing the same type of toe movements over & over again
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| bone markings | projections, depressions, & openings found on the surface of bones
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| bone projections | sites of muscle, ligament, & tendon attachment + joint surfaces
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| bone depressions | openings for the passage of blood vessels + nerves
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| compact bone | bone that composes dense outer layer
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| spongy (cancellous) bone | internal to compact bone + consists of trabeculae
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| trabeculae | honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces (in spongy bone)
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| diaphysis | tubular bone shaft
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| bone collar | surrounds a hollow medullary cavity; forms around hyaline cartilage during the first stage of bone growth
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| medullary cavity | filled with yellow bone marrow (fat)
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| epiphyses | ends of a long bone: consist of internal spongy bone covered by an outer layer of compact bone
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| epiphyseal line | located between the epiphyses and diaphysis; remnant of the epiphyseal plate
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| periosteum | double-layered protective membrane (covers external surface of bone)
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| Sharpey's fibers | connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to underlying bone
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| endosteum | connective tissue membrane that lines the internal surface of bone
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| diploe | endosteum-covered spongy bone
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| hematopoietic tissue (of bones) | red bone marrow
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| calcification | occurs to cartilage during normal bone growth + old age
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| osteogenic | "osteoprogenitor cells"
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| osteoblasts | bone forming cells
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| osteoclasts | large cells that reabsorb + break down bone matrix
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| osteoid | part of the matrix that contains ground substance + collagen fibers
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| hydroxyapatites | inorganic mineral salts that make up 65% of bone mass
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| osteon / Haversian system | structural unit of compact bone
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| lamellae | weight-bearing, concentric tubes of bone matrix (surrounding a central Haversian canal)
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| Haversian canal | a passageway for blood vessels + nerves
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| Volkmann's/perforating/transverse canals | lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone; connect the blood + nerve supply (of the periosteum) to that of the central canals + medullary cavity
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| lacunae | small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
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| canaliculi | hair-like channels that connect lacunae to each other & the central canal
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| circumferential lamellae | located just beneath the periosteum, extending around the entire circumference of the bone
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| interstitial lamellae | lie between intact osteons, filling the spaces in between
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| osteogenesis / ossification | the process of bone tissue formation
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| intramembranous ossification | forms bone from fibrous connective tissue membranes; results in the cranial bones + clavicles
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| endochondral ossification | bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage, forming all other bones
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| growth zone ("proliferation") | cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
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| transformation zone | hypertrophic zone + calcification zone
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| hypertrophic zone | older cells enlarge
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| calcification zone | matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, & matrix begins to deteriorate
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| osteogenic zone | new bone formation occurs
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| bone remodeling | balance bone deposit & resorption
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| bone resorption | allows minerals of degraded bone matrix to move into the blood
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| alkaline phosphatase | essential for mineralization of bone: creates an alkaline environment which is required for calcium to crystallize
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| osteoid seam | unmineralized band of bone matrix
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| calcification front | abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam & the older mineralized bone
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| hormonal mechanism control loop | maintains blood calcium homeostasis + balances activity of parathyroid hormone & calcium
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| calcitonin | stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix + release Ca2+ into the blood
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| Wolff's law | a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
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| fracture | break in bone
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| nondisplaced fracture | bone ends retain their normal position
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| displaced fracture | bone ends are out of alignment
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| complete (fracture) | bone is broken all the way through
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| incomplete (fracture) | bone is not broken all the way through
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| linear (fracture) | the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
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| transverse (fracture) | the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
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| compound (open) fracture | bone ends penetrate skin
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| simple (closed) fracture | bone ends do not penetrate skin
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| growth hormone | triggers postnatal bone growth
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| resorption bays | grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix
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| stage 1 fracture repair | hematoma formation
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| stage 2 fracture repair | fibrocartilaginous callus formation
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| granulation tissue | soft callus
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| hematoma | a mass of clotted blood
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| osteomalacia | includes disorders in adults in which the bone is inadequately mineralized (caused by calcium or vitamin D deficiency)
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| Rickets | inadequate mineralization of bones in children caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D (bowed legs + deformation of the pelvis, skull, & rib cage)
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| osteoporosis | a group of disorders in which the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of formation
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| Paget's disease | excessive bone deposition & resorption, with the resulting bone abnormally high in spongy bone (localized)
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| Boomerang Dysplasia | characteristic congenital feature in which bones of the arms & legs are malformed into the shape of a boomerang
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| secondary ossification centers | formed by the epiphyses which are not well ossified at birth
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| stage 3 fracture repair | bony callus formation
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| stage 4 fracture repair | remodeling of the bony callus
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