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Anatomy Ch. 6 Vocab
Bones + Skeletal Tissue vocab terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| perichondrium | layer of dense connective tissue (that resists outward expansion + surrounds cartilage) |
| articular cartilage | covers the ends of long bones |
| costal cartilage | connects ribs to sternum |
| respiratory cartilage | makes up larynx, reinforces air passageways |
| nasal cartilage | supports nose |
| appositional growth | cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
| interstitial growth | lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within |
| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the upper & lower limbs + girdles |
| girdles | shoulders + hip bones (connect to axial skeleton |
| long bones | longer than they are wide |
| short bones | cube-shaped bones of the ankle & the wrist |
| sesamoid bone | bone that forms within tendons |
| flat bones | thin, flattened, & a bit curved (sternum + most skull bones) |
| irregular bones | bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae + hip bones |
| sesamoiditis | caused by doing the same type of toe movements over & over again |
| bone markings | projections, depressions, & openings found on the surface of bones |
| bone projections | sites of muscle, ligament, & tendon attachment + joint surfaces |
| bone depressions | openings for the passage of blood vessels + nerves |
| compact bone | bone that composes dense outer layer |
| spongy (cancellous) bone | internal to compact bone + consists of trabeculae |
| trabeculae | honeycomb, needle-like, or flat pieces (in spongy bone) |
| diaphysis | tubular bone shaft |
| bone collar | surrounds a hollow medullary cavity; forms around hyaline cartilage during the first stage of bone growth |
| medullary cavity | filled with yellow bone marrow (fat) |
| epiphyses | ends of a long bone: consist of internal spongy bone covered by an outer layer of compact bone |
| epiphyseal line | located between the epiphyses and diaphysis; remnant of the epiphyseal plate |
| periosteum | double-layered protective membrane (covers external surface of bone) |
| Sharpey's fibers | connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to underlying bone |
| endosteum | connective tissue membrane that lines the internal surface of bone |
| diploe | endosteum-covered spongy bone |
| hematopoietic tissue (of bones) | red bone marrow |
| calcification | occurs to cartilage during normal bone growth + old age |
| osteogenic | "osteoprogenitor cells" |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteoclasts | large cells that reabsorb + break down bone matrix |
| osteoid | part of the matrix that contains ground substance + collagen fibers |
| hydroxyapatites | inorganic mineral salts that make up 65% of bone mass |
| osteon / Haversian system | structural unit of compact bone |
| lamellae | weight-bearing, concentric tubes of bone matrix (surrounding a central Haversian canal) |
| Haversian canal | a passageway for blood vessels + nerves |
| Volkmann's/perforating/transverse canals | lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone; connect the blood + nerve supply (of the periosteum) to that of the central canals + medullary cavity |
| lacunae | small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes |
| canaliculi | hair-like channels that connect lacunae to each other & the central canal |
| circumferential lamellae | located just beneath the periosteum, extending around the entire circumference of the bone |
| interstitial lamellae | lie between intact osteons, filling the spaces in between |
| osteogenesis / ossification | the process of bone tissue formation |
| intramembranous ossification | forms bone from fibrous connective tissue membranes; results in the cranial bones + clavicles |
| endochondral ossification | bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage, forming all other bones |
| growth zone ("proliferation") | cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
| transformation zone | hypertrophic zone + calcification zone |
| hypertrophic zone | older cells enlarge |
| calcification zone | matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, & matrix begins to deteriorate |
| osteogenic zone | new bone formation occurs |
| bone remodeling | balance bone deposit & resorption |
| bone resorption | allows minerals of degraded bone matrix to move into the blood |
| alkaline phosphatase | essential for mineralization of bone: creates an alkaline environment which is required for calcium to crystallize |
| osteoid seam | unmineralized band of bone matrix |
| calcification front | abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam & the older mineralized bone |
| hormonal mechanism control loop | maintains blood calcium homeostasis + balances activity of parathyroid hormone & calcium |
| calcitonin | stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix + release Ca2+ into the blood |
| Wolff's law | a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it |
| fracture | break in bone |
| nondisplaced fracture | bone ends retain their normal position |
| displaced fracture | bone ends are out of alignment |
| complete (fracture) | bone is broken all the way through |
| incomplete (fracture) | bone is not broken all the way through |
| linear (fracture) | the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| transverse (fracture) | the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
| compound (open) fracture | bone ends penetrate skin |
| simple (closed) fracture | bone ends do not penetrate skin |
| growth hormone | triggers postnatal bone growth |
| resorption bays | grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix |
| stage 1 fracture repair | hematoma formation |
| stage 2 fracture repair | fibrocartilaginous callus formation |
| granulation tissue | soft callus |
| hematoma | a mass of clotted blood |
| osteomalacia | includes disorders in adults in which the bone is inadequately mineralized (caused by calcium or vitamin D deficiency) |
| Rickets | inadequate mineralization of bones in children caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D (bowed legs + deformation of the pelvis, skull, & rib cage) |
| osteoporosis | a group of disorders in which the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of formation |
| Paget's disease | excessive bone deposition & resorption, with the resulting bone abnormally high in spongy bone (localized) |
| Boomerang Dysplasia | characteristic congenital feature in which bones of the arms & legs are malformed into the shape of a boomerang |
| secondary ossification centers | formed by the epiphyses which are not well ossified at birth |
| stage 3 fracture repair | bony callus formation |
| stage 4 fracture repair | remodeling of the bony callus |
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