ANP 202 Final
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| Mosaic Evolution | Evolutionary Changes take place in stages, not all at once. Thus, we see lots of "intermediate" forms that lack modern characteristics. This makes linking fossil species to descendant ones difficult
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| Visual Predation Model | The view of primate origins that hypothesizes that stereoscopic vision and grasping hands first evolved as adaptations for hunting insects along branches.
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| Primitive vs Derived Early Hominin Traits | Primitive Traits are those that come from older ancestors, Derived Traits are those that are new, recently evolved.
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| Molecular Dating | Estimating the sequence
and timing of the divergence of evolutionary
lines by genetic analyses.
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| "Missing Link" | Any transitional fossil, especially one connected with human evolution
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| Molecular Microwear and Diet | The more Molecular Microware there is on the teeth, it suggests that the organisms diet consisted or more tough/difficult food to chew, such as hard seeds.
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| Hominin Adaptive Radiation (East vs South Africa) | A process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available and opens environmental niches. South African sites found first, East African sites more recently.
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| Models of Bipedalism | 1. Tool Use
2. Predator Avoidance
3. Reproduction
4. Temperature Regulation
5. Food Acquisition
6. Bipedal Feeding
7. Aquatic Ape
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| Brain Size, Diet, and Dental Adaptation |
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| Brain Size, Bipedalism, and Childbirth |
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| Cultural Adaptions and the Archaeological Evidence 1 |
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| Cultural Adaptions and the Archaeological Evidence 2 |
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| Regional Variation (Africa, Asia, Eruasia) and sites |
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| Evolutionary Dwarfism and the Island Effect | Hypothesis that states when you are in an area where resources are scarce, evolutionarily you will adapt by becoming smaller.
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| Anatomically Modern Humans expansion timeline |
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| Models for the rise of Anatomically Modern Humans |
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| Plesiadapiforms | A primate precursor, went extinct during adaptive radiation of mammals 65mya. Specialized for life in trees. Very diverse, including many body sizes, and many dental adaptations.
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| Proconsul | Early Miocene Ape, was a non-specialized quadruped that lived in trees and ate fruit. Diastema allowed jaws to close with big protruding canines. Demonstrates mosaic evolution by having both primitive and derived traits. No tail, monkey limb proportions.
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| Hominoid | All Apes and Humans, both present and past
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| Hominin | Humans and their ancestors following split with Chimpanzees
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| Hominid | Humans and the great apes (thus, not including gibbons)
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| Paleocene | First Primate-like mammals
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| Eocene | First true primates. Later, first anthropoids
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| Miocene | First hominoids. Later, first hominin
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| Pleistocene | Evolution & dispersal of genus Homo,
including Anatomically Modern Humans
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| Holocene | Beginning of agriculture through present
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| Laetoli Footprints and Hominin Association | 3.75mya, Show Bipedal characteristics of non-divergent big toe, heel strike, and well developed arch. Time and place suggests Australopithecus afarensis
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| Oldowan Tradition and Hominin Association | Earliest Stone tools, likely used by late Australopithecines, and definitely by early Homo habilis. Simple chipping tools, often associated with processed animal bones.
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| Acheulean Tradition and Hominin Association | Biface Tools, flatter and have straighter sharper sides than Oldowan tools. Require great skill to manufacture. Soft Hammer Percussion, method of manufacture uses softer materials like bone or wood to make the breaks. Associated with Homo Erectus/Ergaster
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| Levallois Technique and Hominin Association | 300 kya, new tool kit, ends are hafted, which means they are able to be tied to a stick to form a spear. Associated with Homo heidelbergensis.
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| Mousterian Tradition and Hominin Association | Similar to homo heidelbergensis tool kit, sites littered with stone tools, and bones of small animals like deer. Suggests they were skilled and organized hunters.
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| Y-5 Pattern Molars | A molar that has 5 points on it, is a characteristic of hominoids
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| Divergent Big Toe | Divergent toes were able to be used to grasp and are opposable. Bipedal creatures do not have a divergent big toe, they have nondivergent as it helps with balance.
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| Sagittal Crest | A ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull
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| Sagittal Keel | The Sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones. Sagittal keels occur in Homo erectus and occasionally Homo heidelbergensis.
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| Occipital bun | A prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull.
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| Brain Size Increases over time (Cubic Centimeters) | Chimp - 350cc
Gorilla - 500cc
Graciles - 420-500cc
Robusts - 410-530cc
H. Habilis - 500-800cc
H. Georgicus - 600-780cc
H. Erectus - 750-1225cc
H. Heidelbergensis - 1200cc
Modern Human - 1350cc
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| Sivapithecus | 14-7mya, Diverse genus ranging in size and geographic distribution. Was not a Hominid because it wasn't bipedal. Large, low-cusped molars, thick enamel and massive jaws. Overall shape of skull looks like orangutan.
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| Sahelantropus tchadensis | 6-7mya
Primitive Traits: Small Brain
Derived Traits: Small Teeth, Large Brow Ridge, Flat Face
Possible biped
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| Orrorin tugenesis | 6-5.8mya
Primitive Trait: Long Ape-Like Arms
Derived Trait: Bipedal Legs
Unexpectedly small teeth
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| Ardipithecus | 5.8-4.4mya
Primitive Traits: Large Canines (More like Incisors in structure), thin molar enamel, small brain, grasping big toe
Derived Features: Bipedal, Shape of some teeth
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| Australopithecus Afarensis | 3.9-2.9mya
Primitive Traits: Long Arms, Long curved fingers, chimp sized brain, sexual dimorphism, no evidence of tool use
Derived Traits: Reduced canines and moalrs, nondivergent big toe, full time bipedalism.
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| Robust Australopithecus (Paranthropus) | Highly Specialized chewing mechanism, have sagittal crest which are attachments for muscle used during chewing. Massive premolars and molars, small front teeth, non-projecting canines with no diastema
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| Paranthropus boisei | 2.4-1.4mya
Now Considered a dead end branch, fully derived robust form
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| Australopithecus garhi | 2.5mya
Primitive Traits: Small Brain, Very Large Molars/Premolars, prognathic face with large canines, parallel tooth rows, postorbital constriction
Derived Traits: Teeth look more like homo, arm to leg ratios, head not so robust, stone tools used
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| Australopithecus africanus | 3.3-2.5mya
Gracile form of "later Australopithecine" Derived from some earlier form (Such as A. afarensis)
Originally thought to be direct ancestor of homo
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| Paranthropus robustus | 2.0-1.4mya
Suggested to have evolved from A. Africanus, However, close physical resemblance also suggests common origin with P. Boisei
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| Australopithecus sebida | 2mya
Primite Traits: Brain Size, Long Upper Limbs, Some Aspects of Tooth Shape
Derived Traits: Dental Anatomy, Brain structure, pelvic shape, and features of the hand and feet
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| Homo habilis | 2.33-2mya
Primitive Traits: Skeleton, Tooth proportions
Derived Traits: Brain Size, Shape of Premolars, Tool use
First specimens to have direct association with stone tools.
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| Homo erectus (asia) | 1.8mya-200kya
Larger Cranial Capacity, Short and Stocky Stature, Rugged Brow-Ridges, Sagittal Keel
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| Homo ergaster (africa) | 1.8mya-600kya
Smaller Cranial Capacity, Tall Stature, Gracile Brow Ridge, more adapted to dry climate than H. erectus
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| Homo heidelbergensis | 400kya-200kya
Compared to Ergaster, Heidelbergensis is more modern having a substantially larger brain, more vertical and higher foreheads, and a more rounded back of skull.
Created the Levallois Technique
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| Homo floresiensis | 74-61kya, and 18-16kya
3 feet tall, very small brain (385-417cc), primitive features include very long arms and unarched feet. Despite the primitive features, clearly a branch of H. erectus. Affected by "evolutionary dwarfism"
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| Homo neanderthalensis | 600-530kya
Large Brains, more Rounded Crania, Big Faces, Small back teeth, large front teeth.
Distinct Features: Heavily Muscled, Thick bones, Shorter and Stockier than us
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| Homo sapiens | Us :3
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| Australopithecus Anamensis | 4.2-3.9mya
Primitive Traits: Large canines, parallel toothrows, Prognathic face, small ear holes
Derived Traits: Larger teeth with thicker enamel, bipedalism.
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| Gracile Australopithecus | Large Faces, not as large as Panthropus, no sagittal crests, large incisors.
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| Tool Use Model | Suggests increasing brain size and reliance on tools led to bipedalism.
Problems: Fossil record shows bipedalism rose first
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| Predator Avoidance Model | Suggests need to spot and avoid predators led to bipedalism
Problems: Bipedalism not needed for this task, Bipedalism increases chances of predators spotting you
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| Reproduction Model | Suggests the need for more efficient transport of babies and greater ease of transporting food led to bipedalism
Problems: Can't really be tested. Sexual behavior does not leave behind a fossil record.
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| Temperature Regulation Model | Suggests that upright posture reduces the amount of sunlight that strikes the body during the hottest part of day, which led to us becoming bipedal.
Problems: Other animals in the savanna aren't bipedal. They just wisely avoid the midday sun.
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| Food Acquisition Model | Suggests that having free hands allows individuals to transport food, especially useful for moving across the open savanna.
Problems: Primates generally feed at food source
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| Bipedal Feeding Hypothesis | Suggests bipedalism first arose to increase efficiency of standing while feeding
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