keywords for the endocrine system
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| Pacracrine communication | use of chemical messengers to transfer infromation from cell to cell within a single tissue
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| Hormones | chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to reach specific cells in other tissues.
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| endocrine communication | use of hormones to coordinate cellular activities in tissues in distant protions of the body
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| endocrine system | includes all the endocrine cells and tissues of the body which produce hormones or pacrine factors rthat have effects beyond their tissue of origin
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| Amino Acid Derivatives | are relatively small molecules that are structurally similiar to amino acids, sometimes known as biogenic amines
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| Biogenic amines include | epinephrine, nrepinephrine, dopamine, the thyroid hormones and melatonin
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| Melatonin | manufactured from molecules of the amino acid Tryptophan
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| Peptide Hormones | are chains of amino acids, also produced as prohormones
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| prohormones | inactive molecules that are converted to active hormones either before or after they are secreted
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| Lipid derivatives, two classes | steroid hormones derived from cholesterol, and eicosanoids, derived form arachidonic acid
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| Steriod Hormones | released by male and female reproductive organs, and the adrenal glands and the kidneys
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| Eicosanoids | small molecules with a 5-carbon ring at one end. also important pacrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes that occur in extracellular fluind
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| Leukatrienes | released by activate white blood cells, are important in coordinating tissue responses to injury or disease
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| Prostaglandins | produced in most tisues of the body, involved in coordinating local cellular acitvies
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| G Protein | an enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor. Refers to the fact the this protein binds to GTP
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| Kinase | an enzyme that performs phosphorylation, the attachment of a phospahte group to another molecule
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| Endocrine reflexes | can be triggered by 1. humoral stimuli 2. hormonal stimuli 3. nerual stimuli
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| the adrenal medullae secret E and NE in response to | action potential rather than circulatinf hormones
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| Pulses | several hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are released in sudden bursts
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| When hormones arrive in pulses | target cells may vary their response with frequency
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| Diaphragma sellae | the pituitary gland is cradled by the sella turcia and held in position by the ....
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| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland
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| 3 regions of the adenohypophysis | pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
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| par distalis | the largest and most anterior portion of the pituitary gland
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| pars tuberalis | wraps arond the adjeacent portion of the infundibulum
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| pars intermedia | forms a narrow band bordering the posterior lobe
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| Fenestrated capillaries | allow relatively large molecules to enter or leave the circulatory system
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| Superior hypohyseal artery | supplies the capillary networks in the median eminence
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| Portal vessels | blood vessels that link two capillary networks
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| 2 classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones | 1) releasing hormones 2) inhibitiing hormones
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| Releasing hormone (RH) | stimulates the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe
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| inhibiting hormones (IH) | prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones at the anterior lobe
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) | or Thyrotropin, target the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormones
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | or Corticotropin, stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex
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| Gonadotropins | follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are called... because they regulate the activities of the gonads
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| Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) | or follitropin, promotes follicle development in females and stimulates sustentacular cells in males
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| sustentacular cells | specialixed cells in the tubules where sperm differentiate
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| Luteinizing hormones (LH) | or lutropin, induces ovulation in females,
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| Growth Hormone (GH) | or somatotroping, stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis
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| Liver cells respond to the presence of GH by | synthesizing and releasing somatomedians, or insuinlike growth factors (IGFs)
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| GH stimulates stem cell division and the differentiation of daughter cells in | epithelia and connective tissue
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| GH stimulates the breakdown fo stored trglycoerides by adipocytes , which then release fatty acids int the blood stream | in adipose tissue
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| thyroid follicles | spheres lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium
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| Follicle cells synthesize | a globular protein called thyroglobulin and secretes it into the colloid of the thryoid follicles
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| major factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release | concentration of TSH in the circulating blood
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| If intracellular levels of thyroid hormones decline | the bound thyroid hormones are released into the cytoplasm
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| Thyroid hormones binding to mitochondria | increase the rates of mitchondrial ATP production
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| Tetraiodothyronine represents | T4, or thyroxine which contains 4 iodide ions
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| Triidothyronine represents | T3, contains 3 iodide ions
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| Thyroid-binding globulins (TBGs) | a transport molecule, 75%of T4 and 70% T3 enter the blood stream attached to transport proteins called
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| Cheif Cells | monitor the circulating concentration of calcium ions in the parathyroid glands
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| Adrenal Gland | yellow, pyramid-shaped, sits on the superior border of each kidney
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| Adrenal Cortex | yellowish color is due to the presence of stored lipids, especially cholesterol and various fatty acids
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| Corticosteriods | more than two dozen steriod hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex are called.....
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| Zona Glomerulosa | outer most region of the adrenal cortex, produces mineralocorticoids
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| mineralocorticoids | steroid hormones that affect the electrolye composition of body fluids
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| Aldosterone | the principal minerocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex
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| Zona Fasciculata | produces steroid hormones collectively known as glucocorticoids
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| Zona Reticularis | forms a narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla , the endocrine cells form a folded, branching network, and fenestrated blood vessels wind between cells
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| This combination increases both muscular strength and endurance. | E and NE Trigger a mobilization of glycogen reserves in skeletal muscle and accelerate the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP
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| Pineal Gland | part of epithalamus, lies in the posterior protion of the roof of the third ventricle
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| the Pineal Glad contains | neors, neuroglia, and special secretory cells called pinealocytes
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| Pinealocytes | synthesize hormone melatonin form molecules of the nerotransmitter serotonin
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| Pancreas | lies within the abdominopelvic cavity in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and the small intestine
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| Exocrine pancreas | consists of clusters of gland cells, called pancreatic acini, and their attached ducts
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| Endocrine pancreas | consist of small groups of cells scattered among the exocrine cells
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| Pancreatic islets | or ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, endocrine clusters
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| Alpha cells | produce the horm. glucagon.
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| Glucagon | raises blood glucose levels by incrasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver
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| Beta cells | produce the Horm. insulin
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| Insulin | lower blood glucose levers by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and utilization by most body cells
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