Terms NOT on Home Study Guide for Ocular A&P #2 Vitreous-Congenital Anomalies
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| Vitreous Face | Near lens
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| Vitreous Base | An area in the fundus of the eye in which the vitreous membrane, neural retina, and pigment epithelium all are firmly adherent, one to the other.
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| Vitreous Zones | Zone I anterior, Zone II mid, Zone III posterior
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| Cloquet's Canal | Central thin canal and former site of hyaloid artery system.
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| Trichromat | Normal color vision. Can see the three primary colors
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| Dichromat | Lacks a pigment type. Colors appear washed out.
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| Monochromat | Suffer from achromatopsia (without color) all rare or uncommon.
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| Internal Limiting Membrane | Anatomical innermost layer of the retina.
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| Bipolar Cells | In bipolar (middle) layer of neural transmission. Acts as connector cable between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cell layer.
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| Rhodopsin | Photopigment of the rods. The pigment responsible for formation of rods and cones and for the perception of light.
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| Iodopsin | Photopigment of the cones.
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| Nyctalopia | Night blindness
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| Location of Optic Disc | 3mm nasal to fovea. CRA and CRV within disc.
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| Size of Optic Disc | 1.7 by 1.9 mm
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| Normal cup to disc ratio | The optic cup is the white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. Normal cup to disc ratio is 0.3 If it is more than it suggests glaucoma.
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| Subarachnoid space of Optic Nerve | The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve
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| Why Vitamin A is important. | Needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal, which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin.
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| Homonomyous | Same VF are of both eyes
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| Hemianopsia | Involves up to 1/2 of VF
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| Arcuate Scotoma (Bjerrum) | An arc-shaped blind area that may develop in the field of vision of a person with glaucoma. It is caused by damage to nerve fibers in the retina.
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| Enlarged Blind Spot | Central - paracentral
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| Metamorphopsia | A defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted; usually due to a defect in the retina.
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| Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)actions | Fight or flight, pupillary dilation, dry mouth with stimulation, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
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| Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)actions | Body's resting state, pupillary constriction and accommodation, sweating when stimulated. Slower heart
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| Nasociliary Nerve | V1, Carries sensory information to the tip of the nose. Long ciliary nerves (sensory to ciliary ganglion)and Infratrochlear (anterior and posterior ethmoid nerve).posterior
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| Trigeminal neuralgia | A very painful condition with severe intractable pain in the face is sometimes treated surgically by destroying the trigeminal ganglion, with resultant sensory loss of the cornea.
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| What 3 nerves pass through the ciliary ganglion? | Sensory (V), Sympathetic (Iris dilator), and Parasympathetic (Iris Sphinster).
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| Mydriasis | Dilation of the pupil of the eye.
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| Acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse.
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| Sympathetic NS receptors | Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2
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| Degrees of Fusion | First Grade- ability to superimpose 2 dissimilar images and perceive them as one. Second- ability to maintain the blending of the images as they move off the fovea. THIRD- Perception of depth (Stereopsis)only useful up to 20 ft. Normal:67 second of arc
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| Aphakia | Absence of crystalline lens. Refractive error is around +12.00D. No ability to accommodate.
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| Anisometropia | Difference in refractive power of 1 D or more between eyes
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| Binocular Vision | Vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth.
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| Histamine | Synthesized in mast cells. Once released-itching, tearing, redness, swelling. Prominent in allergy.
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| Prostaglandins | When released from cells, cause dilation of blood vessels and bronchodilator of lungs and increase sensitivity to pain.
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| Kinins | Another type of inflammatory mediator (cytokines, leukotrienes)
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| Complement | Group of proteins in the blood.
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| Hyaloid Arterial System becomes | The Ophthalmic Artery
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| Albina lacks what? | Lack of melanocytes in the iris pigmnent epithelium.
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| What are "bear tracks"? | Multiple areas of grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
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| What are anterior and posterior staphyloma? | Anterior- bulging of the cornea and anterior chamber. Very uncommon. Posterior- a bulging and thinning of the sclera results in pathological myopia. Common.
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| Retinoblastoma | Is an infantile cancer with rapid growth and seen early in life. High survival rate of 95-98%, Very treatable. Occasionally bilateral. May present as white reflex in the pupil.
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| Anophthalmia | No globe
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| Location of the congenital polar cataract | On the anterior or posterior lens
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| Aniridia | No iris
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| Scleromalacia | Degenerative thinning of the sclera; A very rare ophthalmic manifestation seen in rheumatoid arthritis
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| Sclera is thinnest under the ____________? | Rectus muscle and is the area most likely to rupture.
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| Endothelium Count when born. | 3000-4000 cells/mm2
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| Corneal Arcus | Cholesterol and cholesterol esters. White ring
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| Corneal Guttata | Little areas of collagen that collect abnormally at the back of the eye due to a growth abnormality of the cells at that location. These lumps can interfere with light transmission.
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| Lamina Cribosa | The part of the sclera of the eye penetrated by the fibers of the optic nerve
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| Sphinster muscle is innervated by the ________________. | Parasympathetic NS
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| Dilator is innervated by the ____________________. | Sympathetic NS
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| What occurs in inflammation, uveitis,etc? | Synechia
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| Iris processes are _____________. | Normal
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| Retinitis Pigmentosa | Inherited retinal dystrophy affecting rods, cones, RPE.
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| What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide? | Vitamin A deficiency
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| What does arcuate mean? | Shaped or bent like an arc or bow
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| Papilledema is _______________. | Bilateral
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| Ciliary Injections signifies ________________ deeper in the eye. | Inflammation
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| Papillitis is on the nerve head. T or F | True
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| Afferent | AWAY from organ (eye) to CNS.
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| Efferent | EXITING CNS toward the organ (eye).
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| When we look at visual fields (VF), keep in mind they are represented as _______________ see them and not as observed by the _______________. Left VF is on our _______ and right VF is on our _______. | We (the patient)/ Investigator/ Left/ Right
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