3rd-4th
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Contractility | Shorten with force
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Excitability | Respond to a stimulus
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Extensibility | Recoil
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Epimysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle
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Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the Epimysium. Surrounds and separates muscles
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Fasciculi | Numerous visible bundles
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Perimysium | Surrounds Fasciculi; Loose connective tissue
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Fasciculi are composed of | SINGLE Muscle Cells
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Muscle cells | Fibers
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Muscle Fiber contains | Several nuclei
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Endomysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber
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Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | Myofibrils
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Myofibrils | Threadlike structure that extends to both sides of the fiber
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2 Major types of protein fibers | Actin & Myosin
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Thin myofilaments | Actin
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Thick myofilaments | Myosin
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Sarcomere | Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle
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I bands are | Light
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A bands are | Dark
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H zone | contains Myosin
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Resting Membrane potential | Charge difference across the membrane
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Action Potential | Brief reversal back of the charge
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Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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Neuromusclular Junction | Synapse near the center of the cell
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Motor unit | Single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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Presynaptic Terminal | Enlarged nerve terminal
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Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholinesterase | Enzymes that break down acetylcholine
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Muscle Contraction Occurs when | As actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another.
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Sliding Filament Mechanism | Sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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Muscle Twitch | Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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Time of contraction | Contraction phase
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Relaxation Phase | Time during which the muscle relaxes.
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Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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Recruitment | The increase in the number of motor units being activated
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ATP is needed for | Energy for muscle contraction
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ATP is produced in the | Mitochondria
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ATP is | Short-lived and unstable
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ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate
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Anaerobic Respiration | Without oxygen
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Aerobic Respiration | With Oxygen
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Oxygen Debt | Amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose.
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Muscle Fatigue | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the fibers.
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2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric & Isotonic
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Isometric | Equal distance
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Isotonic | Equal Tension
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Muscle Tone | Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time.
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Muscle Tone keeps | Head up and Back straight
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Fast-Twitch | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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Slow-Twitch | Contracts slowly and more resistant to fatigue
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Origin | (Head) most stationary end of the muscle
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Insertion | Is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest moment.
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Belly is located | Between origin and the insertion
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Synergist | Muscles that work together
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Antagonist | Muscles that work in opposition
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Prime Mover | Muscle that plays major role
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Nomenclature | Shape,Size,Orientation of fibers, shape,origin,insertion,and function.
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Occipitofrontalis | Raises eyebrows
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Orbicularis Oris | Puckers
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Buccinator | Flattens cheeks
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Zyogomaticus | Smiling
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Levatorlabii | Sneering
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Deppressor Anguliaris | Frowning
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Mastication | Chewing
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Two muscles of the tongue | Intrinic and Extrinic
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Intrinic | Changes the shape
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Extrinic | Moves
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Neck: Sternocle Idamastiod | Rotates and extends head
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Neck: Tarticallis | Twisted neck; Wry neck
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Trapezius | Rotates scapula
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Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly
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Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm
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Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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Triceps brachii | Extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm.
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Biceps brachii | Flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm.
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Brachialis | Flexes forearm
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Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm
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Retinaculum (bracelet) | Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction.
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Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist.
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Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist
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Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers.
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Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers.
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19 hand muscles called the | Intrinsic hand muscles
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Interossi muscles, located between | Metacarpals
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Interossi muscles are responsible for | Responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers.
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Gluteus maximus | Buttocks
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Quadriceps femoris | Extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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Sartorius | “Tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh
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Hamstring | Posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh.
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peroneus muscles | Lateral muscles of the leg
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20 muscles located within the foot | Intrinsic foot muscles
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The arm is attached to the thorax by the | Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles.
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Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm
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Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb.
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External intercostals | Elevate the ribs during inspiration.
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Internal intercostals | Contract during forced expiration.
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Diaphragm – accomplishes | Quiet breathing.
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Dome-shaped muscle | Aids in breathing.
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Serratus anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly
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Trapezius | Rotates scapula
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