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Ch.6 Muscles
3rd-4th
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | Shorten with force |
| Excitability | Respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | Recoil |
| Epimysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside the Epimysium. Surrounds and separates muscles |
| Fasciculi | Numerous visible bundles |
| Perimysium | Surrounds Fasciculi; Loose connective tissue |
| Fasciculi are composed of | SINGLE Muscle Cells |
| Muscle cells | Fibers |
| Muscle Fiber contains | Several nuclei |
| Endomysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber |
| Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with | Myofibrils |
| Myofibrils | Threadlike structure that extends to both sides of the fiber |
| 2 Major types of protein fibers | Actin & Myosin |
| Thin myofilaments | Actin |
| Thick myofilaments | Myosin |
| Sarcomere | Basic structural and functional unity of the muscle |
| I bands are | Light |
| A bands are | Dark |
| H zone | contains Myosin |
| Resting Membrane potential | Charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential | Brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromusclular Junction | Synapse near the center of the cell |
| Motor unit | Single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | Enlarged nerve terminal |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Enzymes that break down acetylcholine |
| Muscle Contraction Occurs when | As actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another. |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | Sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle Twitch | Contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| Time of contraction | Contraction phase |
| Relaxation Phase | Time during which the muscle relaxes. |
| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | The increase in the number of motor units being activated |
| ATP is needed for | Energy for muscle contraction |
| ATP is produced in the | Mitochondria |
| ATP is | Short-lived and unstable |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Without oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | With Oxygen |
| Oxygen Debt | Amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose. |
| Muscle Fatigue | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the fibers. |
| 2 types of muscle contractions | Isometric & Isotonic |
| Isometric | Equal distance |
| Isotonic | Equal Tension |
| Muscle Tone | Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. |
| Muscle Tone keeps | Head up and Back straight |
| Fast-Twitch | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| Slow-Twitch | Contracts slowly and more resistant to fatigue |
| Origin | (Head) most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | Is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest moment. |
| Belly is located | Between origin and the insertion |
| Synergist | Muscles that work together |
| Antagonist | Muscles that work in opposition |
| Prime Mover | Muscle that plays major role |
| Nomenclature | Shape,Size,Orientation of fibers, shape,origin,insertion,and function. |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers |
| Buccinator | Flattens cheeks |
| Zyogomaticus | Smiling |
| Levatorlabii | Sneering |
| Deppressor Anguliaris | Frowning |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Two muscles of the tongue | Intrinic and Extrinic |
| Intrinic | Changes the shape |
| Extrinic | Moves |
| Neck: Sternocle Idamastiod | Rotates and extends head |
| Neck: Tarticallis | Twisted neck; Wry neck |
| Trapezius | Rotates scapula |
| Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Triceps brachii | Extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. |
| Biceps brachii | Flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. |
| Brachialis | Flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum (bracelet) | Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. |
| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist. |
| Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers. |
| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers. |
| 19 hand muscles called the | Intrinsic hand muscles |
| Interossi muscles, located between | Metacarpals |
| Interossi muscles are responsible for | Responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. |
| Gluteus maximus | Buttocks |
| Quadriceps femoris | Extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | “Tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring | Posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. |
| peroneus muscles | Lateral muscles of the leg |
| 20 muscles located within the foot | Intrinsic foot muscles |
| The arm is attached to the thorax by the | Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles. |
| Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| External intercostals | Elevate the ribs during inspiration. |
| Internal intercostals | Contract during forced expiration. |
| Diaphragm – accomplishes | Quiet breathing. |
| Dome-shaped muscle | Aids in breathing. |
| Serratus anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Trapezius | Rotates scapula |
Created by:
kaykay82596
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