Muscles
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| Four major functional characteristics of muscles | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
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| Connective tissue sheath around each skeletal muscle | Epimysium
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| Connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fiber | Endomysium
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| Basic structural unity of the muscle | Sarcomere
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| Z line (disc), I band, A band, H zone, M line | Make up a sarcomere
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| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter
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| Acetylcholinesterase | Breaks down Acetylcholine
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| Muscle twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus
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| Lag phase | The time between the application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Contraction phase | Time of contraction
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| Relaxation phase | Time during which the muscle relaxes
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| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated
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| Anaerobic Respiration | Without oxygen
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| Aerobic Respiration | With oxygen
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| Muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced
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| Isometric | (Equal Distance) length of the muscle does not change
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| Isotonic | (Equal Tension) amount of tension dows not change
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| Fast-twitch/slow-twitch | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly/contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Origin, Insertion, and Belly | Stationary end of the muscle, end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement, and the portion of the muscle in the middle
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| Synergists and Antagonists | Muscles that work together and muscles that work in opposition
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| Occipitofrontalis | Raises Eyebrows
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| Orbicularis Oculi | Closes eyelids
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| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers lips
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| Buccinator | Flattens cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscle
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| Levator Labii Superoris | Sneering muscle
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| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning muscle
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| Mastication (chewing muscles) | Temporalis, Masseter, and two pairs of pterygoids
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| Two types of tongue muscles | Intristic and Extrinsic
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| Intristic tongue muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic tongue muscles | Moves tongue
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| Neck muscle that rotates and extends the head | Sternocleidomastoid
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| Torticollis | Twisted neck; wry neck
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| Nomenclature | Muscles that have names that are descriptive according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function.
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| Muscles that move the vertebral column | Erector Spinae
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| Thoracic muscles | Muscles that move the thorax
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| Muscles involved in breathing | External intercostals – elevate the ribs during inspiration. Internal intercostals – contract during forced expiration
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| Diaphragm | Dome shaped muscle that accomplishes quiet breathing
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| Linea Alba | Tendinous area of the abdominal wall consisting of white connective tissue
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| Rectus Abdominus | Muscle on each side of the linea alba
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| Tendinous Inscriptions | Cross the rectus abdominus at three or more different locations
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| Scapular movements | Trapezius and Serratus Anterior
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| Trapezius | Rotates scapula
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| Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Arm movements | Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid
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| Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm (swimmers muscles)
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| Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle
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| Forearm movements | Triceps brachii, Biceps branchii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
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| Triceps branchii | Extends the forearm; occupies the posterior compartment of the arm
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| Biceps branchii | Flexes the forearm; occupies the anterior compartment of the arm
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| Brachialis | Flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Wrist and finger movements | Retinaculum (bracelet, Flexor carpi, Extensor carpi, Flexor digitorum, Extensor digitorum
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist
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| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers
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| Intrinsic hand muscles | 19 muscles located in the hand
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| Interossi muscles | Located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers
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| Thigh movements | Gluteous Maximus, gluteous minimus
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| Gluteous Maximus | Buttocks
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| Gluteous Minimus | Hp muscle and common injection site
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| Leg movements | Hamstring muscles
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| Hamstring muscles | Posterior thigh muscles
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| Ankle and Toe movements | Gastrocnemius and soleus
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| Gastrocnemius and Soleus | Form the calf muscle; join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon); flex the foot and toes
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| Peroneus muscles | Everters; aid in plantar flexion; lateral muscles of the leg
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| Intrinsic foot muscles | Flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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| Lower limb consists of | Gluteous maximus, gluteous minimus, quadriceps femoris, sartorius, hamstring, gastrocnemius and soleus
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| Trunk muscles | Erector spinae, thoracic muscles, external and internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, and diaphragm
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| Biceps femoris | Posterior leg muscles
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| Rectus femoris | Anterior leg muscles
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