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Chapter 6 Stack
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major functional characteristics of muscles | Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity |
| Connective tissue sheath around each skeletal muscle | Epimysium |
| Connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fiber | Endomysium |
| Basic structural unity of the muscle | Sarcomere |
| Z line (disc), I band, A band, H zone, M line | Make up a sarcomere |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Breaks down Acetylcholine |
| Muscle twitch | A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| Lag phase | The time between the application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction phase | Time of contraction |
| Relaxation phase | Time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Without oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | With oxygen |
| Muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| Isometric | (Equal Distance) length of the muscle does not change |
| Isotonic | (Equal Tension) amount of tension dows not change |
| Fast-twitch/slow-twitch | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly/contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| Origin, Insertion, and Belly | Stationary end of the muscle, end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement, and the portion of the muscle in the middle |
| Synergists and Antagonists | Muscles that work together and muscles that work in opposition |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises Eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi | Closes eyelids |
| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers lips |
| Buccinator | Flattens cheeks |
| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscle |
| Levator Labii Superoris | Sneering muscle |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowning muscle |
| Mastication (chewing muscles) | Temporalis, Masseter, and two pairs of pterygoids |
| Two types of tongue muscles | Intristic and Extrinsic |
| Intristic tongue muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic tongue muscles | Moves tongue |
| Neck muscle that rotates and extends the head | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Torticollis | Twisted neck; wry neck |
| Nomenclature | Muscles that have names that are descriptive according to their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. |
| Muscles that move the vertebral column | Erector Spinae |
| Thoracic muscles | Muscles that move the thorax |
| Muscles involved in breathing | External intercostals – elevate the ribs during inspiration. Internal intercostals – contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | Dome shaped muscle that accomplishes quiet breathing |
| Linea Alba | Tendinous area of the abdominal wall consisting of white connective tissue |
| Rectus Abdominus | Muscle on each side of the linea alba |
| Tendinous Inscriptions | Cross the rectus abdominus at three or more different locations |
| Scapular movements | Trapezius and Serratus Anterior |
| Trapezius | Rotates scapula |
| Serratus Anterior | Pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Arm movements | Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid |
| Pectoralis major | Adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm (swimmers muscles) |
| Deltoid | Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle |
| Forearm movements | Triceps brachii, Biceps branchii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis |
| Triceps branchii | Extends the forearm; occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| Biceps branchii | Flexes the forearm; occupies the anterior compartment of the arm |
| Brachialis | Flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | Flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Wrist and finger movements | Retinaculum (bracelet, Flexor carpi, Extensor carpi, Flexor digitorum, Extensor digitorum |
| Retinaculum (bracelet) | Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist |
| Flexor carpi | Flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | Extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | Flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers |
| Intrinsic hand muscles | 19 muscles located in the hand |
| Interossi muscles | Located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| Thigh movements | Gluteous Maximus, gluteous minimus |
| Gluteous Maximus | Buttocks |
| Gluteous Minimus | Hp muscle and common injection site |
| Leg movements | Hamstring muscles |
| Hamstring muscles | Posterior thigh muscles |
| Ankle and Toe movements | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| Gastrocnemius and Soleus | Form the calf muscle; join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon); flex the foot and toes |
| Peroneus muscles | Everters; aid in plantar flexion; lateral muscles of the leg |
| Intrinsic foot muscles | Flex extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
| Lower limb consists of | Gluteous maximus, gluteous minimus, quadriceps femoris, sartorius, hamstring, gastrocnemius and soleus |
| Trunk muscles | Erector spinae, thoracic muscles, external and internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, and diaphragm |
| Biceps femoris | Posterior leg muscles |
| Rectus femoris | Anterior leg muscles |
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