Muscle insertions, origins, and actions
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| Quadratus Lumborum :Origin | Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligaments
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| Quadratus Lumborum :Insertion | Last rib and the transverse processes of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae
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| Quadratus Lumborum :Action | Bilateral (together) they depress the ribs; one side alone produces ipsilateral flexion or stabilizes the pelvis when the ipsilateral foot is off the floor
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| Scalenes(anterior,middle,posterior): Origin | Transverse and costal processes of C2-C7
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| Scalenes (anterior,middle): Insertion | superior part of rib 1
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| Scalenes (posterior) :Insertion | superior surface of 2nd rib
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| Scalenes (acting from above):Action | (bilateral)elevates the ribs
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| Scalenes (acting from below):Action | (bilateral)forward flex neck; one side alone contract to ipsilaterally flex the neck
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| Splenius Capitus and Cervicus:Origin | lower half of the lig. nuchae; spinous processes of the 7th cervical and upper 6 thoracic vertebrae
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| Splenius Capitus and Cervicus:Insertion | mastoid process of the temporal and adjacent parts of the occipital bones; transverse processes of the upper 3 cervical vertebrae
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| Splenius Capitus and Cervicus:Action | (bilateral)extension and hyper extension of neck, supports head erect; one side lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation
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| External Abdominal Oblique:Origin | external and inferior borders of the ribs 5-12
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| External Abdominal Oblique:Insertion | via the aponeuronsis of the rectus abdominus to the linea alba from the ribs to the pubis, and anterior 1/2 of the iliac crest
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| External Abdominal Oblique:Action | (B) compress the abdomen and flex the trunk one side works with the contralateral internal oblique, acting from above contralaterally rotates and flexes the lumbar vertebra to lift the pelvis, acting from below contralaterally rotates and flexes the trunk
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| Transverse Abdominus:Origin | catilages of the inferior 6 ribs, iliac crest, dorsal thoracolumbar fascia and the inguinal ligament
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| Transverse Abdominus:Insertion | Linea alba and pubic crest
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| Transverse Abdominus:Action | compresses the abdominal contents
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| Coccygeus:Origin | tip of the ischial spine
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| Coccygeus:Insertion | coccyx and the 5th sacral segment, lateral and inferior borders of the sacrum
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| Coccygeus:Action | flexes the coccyx and coccygeal vertebrae, acts with the posterior fibers of the levator ani to support the pelvic organs, retract and elevate the anus
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| Pubococcygeus:Origin | inner margins of the pubis
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| Pubococcygeus:Insertion | coccyx and median raphe (lig. where (B) muscles attach to each other)
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| Pubococcygeus:Action | assits iliococcygeus and coccygeus to elevate and retract the anus; medial fibers form the pubovaginalis and puboanalis aact as the sphincter urethrae
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| Levator Scapulae:Origin | transverse processes of C1-C4
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| Levator Scapulae:Insertion | vertebral border between the medial and superior angle
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| Levator Scapulae:Action(1) | acting from above it downwardly rotates as it elevates the scapula, the weight of the arm makes rotation more prominent in the erect posture; may act synergistically to decrease upward rotation or as a force couple with the rhomboids in downward rotation;
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| Levator Scapulae:Action(2) | acting from below (bilateral) they hyperextend the neck, one sided it ipsilaterally flexes and hyperextends the neck
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| Serratus Anterior:Origin | outer surface or upper 9 ribs at the side of the chest
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| Serratus Anterior:Insertion | anterior surface of the upper vertebral border through inferior angle of the scapula
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| Serratus Anterior:Action | Upper 1-4,5 bands attaching to the upper vertebral border ABd the scapula, lower bands(4,5-9) attaching to the inferior angle upwardly rotate; together they function to hold the vertebral border of the scapula against the ribs ( reducing "winging")
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| Rhomboidus Major:Origin | spinous process of T2-T5 (or T1-T4)
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| Rhomboidus Major:Insertion | vertebral border of the scapular form the spine to the inferior angle
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| Rhomboidus Major:Action | downward rotation of the scapula; acts as a force couple with Trapezius 3 to adduct the scapula
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| Trapezius 1:Origin | Occipital bone & upper ligamentum nuchae
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| Trapezius 2:Origin | ligamentum nuchae
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| Trapezius 3:Origin | T1-T4
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| Trapezius 4:Origin | T5-T12
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| Trapezius 1:Insertion | lateral and posterior 1/3rd of the clavicle
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| Trapezius 2:Insertion | top of the acromion process
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| Trapezius 3:Insertion | upper margin of the spine of the scapula
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| Trapezius 4:Insertion | root of the spine of the scapula
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| Trapezius 1:Action | (bilateral) from above, elevate the shoulder girdle; (B) from below, hyperextend the neck
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| Trapezius 2:Action | joins with trap 4 to upwardly rotate the scapula; assist ADd
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| Trapezius 3:Action | ADduction of scapula
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| Trapezius 4:Action | upward rotation of the scapula with trap 2; alone-depress the scapula; assist ADd
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| Deltoid Anterior:Origin | Outer 1/3rd of the anterior surface of the clavicle (spindle shaped muscle)
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| Deltoid Middle:Origin | Acromion process and end of clavicle (multipennate)
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| Deltoid Posterior:Origin | Lower margin of the scapular spine (spindle shaped)
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| Deltoid Anterior:Action | assist in flexion and horizontal adduction (HaDd) of the shoulder
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| Deltoid Middle:Action | Abduction of the shoulder
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| Deltoid Posterior:Action | assist in extension/hyperextension (HaBd) of the shoulder
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| Deltoid Anterior, Middle, Posterior: Insertion | Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
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| Pronator Quadratus:Origin | Anteriomedial surface of the distal 1/4th of the ulna
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| Pronator Quadratus:Insertion | Anteriomedial surface of the distal 1/4th of the radius
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| Pronator Quadratus:Action | pronates the forearm
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| Gluteus Medius:Origin | Posterior surface of ilium between crest, posterior gluteal line and anterior gluteal line
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| Gluteus Medius:Insertion | oblique ridge and dorso-lateral surface of the greater trochanter
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| Gluteus Medius:Action | ABd w/gluteus minimus; posterior fibers ER
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| Iliopsoas(Psoas Major):Origin | sides and bodies of the vertebrae and the inter-vertebral cartilages of last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; front and lower borders of transverse processes of lumbar vertebae
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| Iliopsoas(Iliacus):Origin | anterior surface of ilium and base of sacrum
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| Iliopsoas(Iliacus):Insertion | with psoas major on the lesser trochanter of femur and for a short distance below along the medial border of the shaft
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| Iliopsoas(Iliacus):Action | from above, flexion of the thigh on the trunk; from below, flexion of the trunkon the thighs when in supine lying or in any postion against resistance; probably helps to stabilize hip during standing
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| Tensor Fasciae Latae:Origin | Anterior part of outer lip of iliac crest and outer surface of anterior superior iliac spine
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| Tensor Fasciae Latae:Insertion | Iliotibial tract of fasciae latae on lateral anterior aspect of thigh, about 1/3rd down
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| Tensor Fasciae Latae:Action | IR; ABd ( action under debate); tenses iliotibial band stabilizing lateral knee
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| Bicep Femoris (Long head):Origin | lower and medial impression of the tuberosity of the ischium
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| Bicep Femoris (Long head):Insertion | lateral side of head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
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| Bicep Femoris (Long head):Action | from below, extension at hip: from above, flexion of knee
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| Bicep Femoris (Short head):Origin | lower 1/2 if the lateral aspect if the linea aspera
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| Bicep Femoris (Short head):Insertion | lateral side of head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
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| Bicep Femoris (Short head):Action | knee flexion; ER of knee when knee is non-weight bearing and flexed
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| Tibialis Anterior:Origin | lateral condyle and upper 2/3rds if the lateral surface of tibia
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| Tibialis Anterior:Insertion | plantar surface of base of the 1st metatarsal and medial surface of 1st cuneiform
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| Tibialis Anterior:Action | dorsi-flexion of ankle; force couple with posterior tibilalis for inversion and supination (ADd & INV) of foot
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