Brainstem, Brain and Spinal Cord Pathology
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| Problems with performing tasks (visuospatial, serial 7's, topographical, recognition) | Parietal lobe lesion (MCA)
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| Problems with executive functioning, abstraction and sequencing (drawing a clockface, 3 stage command) and personality disturbances. | Frontal lobe lesion (ACA, MCA)
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| Non-fluent aphasia. Speech is effortful with pauses, few verbs and only nouns. Problem repeating words but comprehension is intact. | Broca's/expressive aphasia (inferior frontal gyrus)
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| Fluent aphasia with many errors in word use. Impaired reading, writing and repeating of words. | Wernicke's/receptive aphasia (posterior superior and middle temporal gyri)
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| Fluent aphasia with difficulty repeating words. Comprehension is intact. | Conducting aphasia (arcuate fasciculus)
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| Complete loss of language capabilities | Global aphasia (large lesion in left hemisphere)
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| Language production is impaired but there is normal repetition | Transcortical motor aphasia
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| Fluent language production and repetition but impaired comprehension. | Transcortical sensory aphasia
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| Difficulty finding and using words. Language production is fluent and comprehension and repetition preserved. | Anomic aphasia (small lesions in left hemisphere)
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| Hemiballismus | Lesion to subthalamic nuclei or GPe
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| Balance and posture difficulties | Vestibulocerebellar lesion (flocculonodular lobe)
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| Dysmetria (over or under shoot), ataxia, dsynergia | Spinocerebellar lesion
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| Loss of control of ipsilateral mocements | Cerebrocerebellar lesion
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| Ptosis, dilated down and out pupil | Oculomotor nerve palsy (think aneursym of posterior communicating artery)
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| Sensory and contralateral homonymous hemianopia | Posterior cerebral artery occlusion
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| Agnosia - a defect in association | Posterior parietal lobe lesion
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| contralateral hemiparesis | Lenticulostriate artery occlusion (MCA)
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| Contralateral lower limb weakness | Anterior cerebral artery occlusion
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| Lateral Medullary Syndrome of Wallenberg | Occlusion of PICA
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| Ipsilateral loss of CN V, nystagmus (CN VIII), no gag reflex, hoarse voice and dysphagia (nucleus ambiguus), contralateral loss of pain and temp (spinothalamic), ipsilateral ataxia and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome | Loss of posterolateral medulla (PICA occlusion)
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| Ipsilateral deviation of tongue, contralateral limb weakness, contralateral loss of discriminative touch, proprioception and vibration | Loss of medial medulla (ASA occlusion)
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| Bilateral loss of prorioception, ataxic gait, bladder dysfunction and spastic paralysis | Posterior cord syndrome/section - caused by tabes dorsalis, B12 deficiency, diabetes, hypothyroidism and peripheral neuropathy
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| UMN paraplegis, loss of pain and temperature sensation, bladder dysfunction with preserved proprioception and vibration | Anterior cord syndrome - disc prolapse, anterior spinal artery occlusion.
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| Loss of pain and temperature in the shoulders, neck and arms (dorsal horn), atrophy and areflexia of the arm (ventral horn), UMN signs in the lower limb with sacral sparing | Central cord lesion - syringomyelia, cervical spondylosis, intramedullary masss and scoliosis
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| Contralateral loss of pain and temp 2 segments below, ipsilateral spastic paralysis below lesion with preserved ipsilateral proximal movements and flaccid paralysis at lesion. Ipsilateral loss of proprioceptino, vibration and discrim touch | Brown-Sequard Syndrome
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| No cortical silence period | Schizophrenia
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| Disorder of mirror neurons | Autism (theory of mind perspective)
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| No build up of excitatory activity in the SMA and PMA | Parkinson's (no feedback from basal ganglia)
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| Short term memory loss | Mammillary body
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| Long term or episodic memory loss | Hippocampus
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| Overactivity in amygdala and low activity in prefrontal cortex | Predatory behaviour
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