Terms & Definitions Ocular A&P: Adexna, Intro to Orbit, & some muscle questions
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| Emmetropia | Normal vision. Rays of light focus on the retina. Absolutely no refractive error
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| Hypertropia | Strabismus in which there is permanent upward deviation of the visual axis of an eye.
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| Myopia | Near-sighted. Rays of light focus anterior to the retina.
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| Astigmatism | Rays of light focus at different areas.
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| Posterior Pole | Area of retina involving optic disc and macula.
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| Cranial Nerves of the Eye and Adnexa | CN II,
CN III,
CN IV,
CN V (V1,V2,V3),
CN VI,
CN VII,
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| CN II | Optic Nerve (vision)- Sensory
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| CN III | Oculomotor- motor to eye and four external ocular muscles
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| CN IV | Trochlear- motor to superior oblique muscle
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| CN V | Trigeminal -Sensory to the face, globe
V1- Ophthalmic -upper face, lids, eye, tip of nose
V2- Maxillary -Mid face
V3- Mandibular -lower face (don't deal with much in Ophthalmology)
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| Fusion | Ability to use both eyes together and have depth perception.
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| Bones of the Ocular Orbit | Frontal,
Lacrimal,
Sphenoid,
Zygomatic,
Ethmoid,
Maxillary,
Palatine
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| Osteopathy | Any disorder of the bones
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| Words ending in -itis | Means an inflammation
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| Pan | Involves all of an organ
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| Exophthalmos | Forward (anterior) displacement of the globe.
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| Proptosis | Forward (anterior) displacement of the globe. Buldging
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| Endophthalmitis | Inflammation(usually infection) of inside of eye
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| Enophthalmos | Recession (posterior) of globe
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| Cellulitis | Inflammation of subcutaneous tissues
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| The normal average axial length of the globe | 24.5mm
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| The four paranasal sinuses | Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillary
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| Hyperemia | Redness (erythema)
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| Chemosis | Swelling (edema)
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| Ecchymosis | Blood in the tissues
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| Ptosis | Drooping lid
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| Normal tear pH | 7.4
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| These muscles are involuntary (4) | Dilator of iris,
Mueller's superior tarsal (lid),
Iris sphincter,
Ciliary muscles
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| The rectus muscles originate from _______ and insert in ________. | Annulus of Zinn - Spiral of Tillaux
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| Ductions involve one eye and Version involves two eyes. True or False | True
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| Name the two vergence movements | Convergence and Divergence
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| Concomitant | Same measurements in all directions
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| Incomitant | Different measurements in different directions
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| Dextroversion | Right gaze
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| Levoversion | Left gaze
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| Exo- | Eye turning out
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| Infraversion | Down gaze
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| Superior oblique originates from _______ and is innervated by ______ | sphenoid bone, the IV CN
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| Amblyopia | Suppressed vision, also known as "lazy eye"
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| Inferior oblique originates from _____and is innervated by ________ | medial wall,the III CN
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| The four rectus muscles arise from __________ | The Annulus of Zinn
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| Eso- | Eye turning in
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| Tropia | Constant strabismus
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| Synergist (Yoke) | Muscle moving eye in same direction as agonist
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| Antagonist | Muscles moving eye in opposite directions
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| Lateral Rectus arises from _________ and is innervated by the __________ | Annulus of Zinn,the VI CN
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| Vergences are ________ movements and involve _______ | Disconjugated and involve both eyes. *Side note (Disconjugated movement of eyes means rotation of the two eyes in opposite directions, as in convergence or divergence.)
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| Krimsky test | Measures corneal light reflex deviation with prism
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| Hirschberg test | Corneal light reflex test
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| Prisms | Used to measure amount of strabismus
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| 4 prism test | Test for small angle esotropia
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| Cover-Uncover test | Test to determine if it is a tropia or it is a phoria
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| Cross Cover Test | Test to see if any stabismus is present
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| Forced Ductions | Test performed by MD with forceps
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| Bielchowski Test | Head tilt test for superior oblique (IVth CN) palsy
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| OKN (Optokinetic nystagmus) | Normal, induced by moving objects
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| Nystagmus | Rapid, rhythmic, involuntary eye movements, smooth in one direction
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| End-Point Nystagmus | Normal, occurs on lateral versions. A jerky, physiologic nystagmus occurring in a normal individual when attempts are made to fixate a point at the limits of the field of fixation.
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| Phoria | Stabismus only when fusion is disrupted
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| Agonist | Primary muscle moving the eye
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| Hyperopia | Far-sighteness. Rays of light focus behind the retina.
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