Retinopathy in DM
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| What's the first type of DM retinopathy? | Non proliferative
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| What's the Second type of DM retinopathy? | Pre-proliferative
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| What's the third type of DM retinopathy? | Proliferative
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| What's the forth type of DM retinopathy? | Advanced retinopathy/maculopathy affecting the central retina
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| Name the characteristics of non-proliferative retinopathy. | Dot hemorrhages/blot hemorrhages/hard edudate
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| In non-proliferative retinopathy, what is a hard exudate? | Breakdown of the blood – retina barrier allows leakage of serum proteins and lipids
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| Name characteristics of the pre-proliferative phase of retinopathy. | Cotton wool spots, Venus beading, Venus loops, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
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| Name the characteristics of proliferative retinopathy. | Neovascularization resulting in multiple preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage
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| Name characteristics of advanced retinopathy. | Retinal fibrosis and detachment
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| What is maculopathy? What does it cause? | Macula swelling and deterioration of visual acuity
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| What is used to evaluate the circulation of the retina? | Intravenous fluorescein angiography
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| What is used to evaluate edema of the retina? | Optical coherence tomography
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| What measures are important in limiting the progression of diabetic retinopathy? | Tight glycemic control, tight control of blood pressure, treatment of dyslipidemia, smoking cessation, treatment of nephropathy.
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| When should type one diabetic patients be seen by an ophthalmologist? | These diabetic patients should see an ophthalmologist 3 to 5 years after diagnosis.
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| When should type two diabetic patients be seen by an ophthalmologist? | These diabetic patients should see an ophthalmologist shortly after diagnosis.
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| What type of photocoagulation is use for macular edema? | Focal and grid photocoagulation
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| What type of photocoagulation is used for proliferative diabetic retinopathy? | Panretinal photocoagulation
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| What is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world? | Diabetic retinopathy
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| When is diabetic retinopathy symptomatic? | Diabetic retinopathy is symptomatic in the late stages
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