Tissues A&P
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| What is a gene? | DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
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| What are the functions of a protein? | Build materials for cells and act as enzymes
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| What is essential for protein synthesis to occur? | RNA
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| Tissues | Groups of cells with similar structure and functions
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| What are the four primary types of tissues? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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| Where are epithelial tissues located? | Body coverings, Body linings, Glandular tissue
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| What are the functions of epithelial tissues? | Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Secretion
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| What are characteristics of epithelial tissues? | Cells fit close together, apical surface is the free surface, lower surface rests on basement membrane, avascular, regenerate easily
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| Simple Epithelia | One layer
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| Stratified Epithelia | More than one layer
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| Squamous | Flat cell
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| Cuboidal | Cube-shaped cell
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| Columnar | Column-like cell
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| Simple Squamous | Single layer of flat cells, lines body cavities and lungs
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| Serous Membrane (serosae) | Slick membranes covering organs in the ventral cavity
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| Simple Cuboidal | Single layer of cube-like cells, found in glands and their ducts
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| Simple Columnar | Single layer of column-like cells, lines digestive tract
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| Pseudostratified Columnar | Single layer but some cells shorter than others
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| Stratified Squamous | Found as protective covering where friction is common; skin, mouth, esophagus
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| Stratified Cuboidal | Two layers of cuboidal cells
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| Stratified Columnar | Surface cells are columnar but vary in shape and size
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| Transitional Epithelium | Shape of cells depend on the amount of stretching, lines organs in urinary system
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| Gland | One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
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| Secretion | Active process in which the glandular cells obtain needed materials form the blood
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| What are two major gland types? | Endocrine, Exocrine
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| Endocrine gland | Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
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| Exocrine gland | Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
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| Connective Tissue | Binds body tissues together, protects the body, and provides protection
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| Extracellular Matrix | Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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| What are two main elements of the Extracellular Matrix? | Ground Substance and Fibers
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| What are three types of fibers? | Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
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| Vascular | Good blood supply
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| Avascular | Poor blood supply
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| Bone tissue | Used to protect and support the body
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| Hyaline Cartilage | Most common type of cartilage composed of collagen fibers
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| Elastic Cartilage | Provides elasticity
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| Fibrocartilage | Forms cushion like discs between vertebrae
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| Dense Connective tissue | Main matrix element is collagen fiber
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| Tendons | Attach skeletal muscle to bone
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| Ligaments | Attach bone to bone at joints
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| Areolar tissue | soft, pliable tissue like "cobwebs" that functions as a packing tissue
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| Adipose tissue | Insulates the body, protects some organs, and serves as site for fuel storage
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| Reticular connective tissue | Delicate network of interwoven fibers that forms stroma of lymphoid organs
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| Blood tissue | Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
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| Muscle tissue | Function is to produce movement
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| What are three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
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| Skeletal muscle | Under voluntary control, contracts to pull on bones or skin
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| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells? | Striated, multinucleate, long and cylindrical
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| Cardiac muscle | Under involuntary control, function is to pump blood
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| What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? | Cells are attached to other cardiac muscles at intercalated disks, striated, one nucleus per cell
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| Smooth muscle | Under involuntary control, found in walls of hollow organs
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| What are the characteristics of smooth muscle cells? | No visible striations, one nucleus per cell, spindle-shaped
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| Nervous tissue | Send impulses to other areas of the body
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| Regeneration | Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
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| Fibrosis | Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)
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| What are the events in tissue repair? | Capillaries become very permeable, formation of granulation tissue, and regeneration of surface epithelium
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| What tissues regenerate easily? | Epithelial, fibrous connective, and bone tissues
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| What tissue regenerates poorly? | Skeletal muscle
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| What tissues are replaced largely by scar tissue? | Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
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