Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
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| Globe | Eyeball
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| Cornea | Clear, round membrane at the front of the globe.
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| Iris | Colored circle of tissue behind the cornea which controls the amount of light entering the eye.
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| Pupil | Opening in the center of the iris that reduces and enlarges to allow light to enter the eye.
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| Crystalline Lens | Second part of the optical focusing system located immediately behind the iris.
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| Vitreous | Clear, jelly-like substancewhich fills the large space behind the crystalline lens.
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| Retina | Transparent layer of tissue that forms the innermost lining of the globe.
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| Optic Nerve | Carries electrical impulses to the brain which are then integrated in the brain's visual cortex to produce the sensation of sight.
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| Axial Length | Length of the eye from front to back.
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| Pachymetry | An ultrasound test which measures the thickness of the cornea.
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| Adnexa | The tissues and structures surrounding the eye.
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| Orbit | Pear-shaped, bony cavity in the skull made up of 7 bones that house the globe, extraocular muscles, blood vessels , and the nerves, all of which are cushioned by layers of fat.
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| Blowout Fracture | A fracture in the floor of the orbit that results from blunt force trauma.
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| Extraocular Muscles | The muscles that control movement of the globe.
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| Medial Rectus Muscle | Rotates the eye inward towards the nose (ADDUCTION)
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| Lateral Rectus Muscle | Rotates the eye outward toward the temple (ABDUCTION)
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| Superior Oblique Muscle | Primarily causes a torsional (twisting and turning) movement and twists the eye down and inward (INCYCLOTORSION)
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| Inferior Oblique Muscle | Primarily causes a torsional (twisting and turning) movement and twists the eye up and outward (EXCYCLOTORSION)
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| Binocular Vision | When the eyes are directed toward a single target and are perfectly aligned.
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| Fusion | When the brain blends the seperate images received by the two eyes so that the person perceives a single view.
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| Strabismus | Condition resulting when the extraocular muscles do not work in a coordinated manner and the eyes become misaligned and the vision may be disturbed.
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| Eyelids | Complex moveable cover of the outer portion of the eyeball. Consists of upper and lower component of skin, tarsus, delicate muscles, eyelashes, glands, and conjunctiva.
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| Palpebral Fissure | Almond-shaped opening between the upper and lower lids.
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| Medial Canthus | Point where the lids meet on the inner (nasal) side of the palpebral fissure.
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| Lateral Canthus | Temporal(outer) junction of the lids.
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| Anterior | Front
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| Cilia | (Eyelashes) Protects the surface of the eye by sweeping away airborne dust particles and other foreign matter when the eyelids blink.
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| Trichiasis | A condition when an eyelash grows in the wrong direction and rubs the surface of the eye causing irritation to the cornea.
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| External Hordeolum (Stye) | A reddened sore lump on the outer edge of the lid caused when a lash follicle becomes inflamed.
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| Posterior | Back
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| Meibomian Glands | Oil-secreting glands hidden in the tissue of the eyelids, located on the posterior margin of the eyelid closest to the globe.
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| Internal Hordeolum | Swelling on the inner eyelid caused when a meibomian gland becomes inflamed or infected.
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| Chalazion | Lump on the outer lid caused by prolonged inflammation of the meibomian glands.
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| Blepharitis | Inflammatory condition that produces reddened and crusted lid margins.
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| Tarsus (Tarsal Plate) | Dense, plate-like framework in the middle layer of the upper and lower eyelid which gives the eyelids their firmness and shape.
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| Orbicularis Oculi | Circular muscle in the middle layer of the eyelid that closes the eye when it contracts, as in winking.
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| Levator Palpebrae Superioris | Muscle in the middle layer of the eyelid that is attached to the upper tarsal plate; raises the upper lid when it contracts.
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| Ptosis | A condition when the upper lid droops down and can not lift fully caused when the levator muscle loses its ability to lift the eyelid to its full extent.
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| Ectropion | A condition when there is malformation or damage to the eyelid tissues that causes the lower lid margin to fall or pull away from the eye.
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| Entropion | A condition when there is malformation or damage to the eyelid tissues that causes the lower lid margin to be turned inward.
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| Conjunctiva | Third layer of the eyelids; thin, tranlucent mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the lid and the outer front surface of the eyeball, except for the cornea.
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| Palpebral Conjunctiva | Portion of conjuntiva lining the eyelids.
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| Bulbar Conjunctiva | Section of conjunctiva that covers the outer eyeball.
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| Fornix (Cul-de-Sac) | Loose packet of conjunctival tissue located beneath the upper and lower lids where the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva meet.
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| Conjunctivitis | A condition where irritation, allergy, or infection cause the small conjunctival blood vessels to swell and the conjunctiva to appear red.
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| Subconjunctival Hemorrhage (SCH) | A condition caused when a conjunctival blood vessel ruptures, thus allowing blood to flow under the tissue.
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| Lacrimal Apparatus | Consists of the orbital structures that produce tears.and the ducts that drain the excess fluid from the front of the eye into the nose.
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| Tear Film | A 3-layered coating that covers the front surface of the globe.
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| Lacrimal Gland | Produces moisture, oxygen, and nutrients to nourish the cornea.
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| Mucinous | Sticky
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| Goblet Cells | Produce a mucinous fluid in the innermost layer of the tear film.
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| Foreign-Body Sensation (FBS) | Feeling of irritation and grittiness in the eye.
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| Punctum (Upper/Lower) | Located on the upper and lower lid margins near the nose, tiny openings that tears pass through; entrance to the canaliculi.
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| Canaliculus (Upper/Lower) | Tubes that carry tears to the lacrimal sac.
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| Lacrimal Sac | Dilated end of the lacrimal duct that fill with tears carried by the canaliculi.
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| Nasolacrimal Duct | Carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity.
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| Dacryocystitis | Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
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| Anterior Segment | Front of the eye which includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the vitreous.
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| Posterior Segment | Composed of the vitreous and the retina.
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| Corneal Epithelium | The cornea's first line of defense against infection and injury.
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| Bowman's Membrane | Acts as an anchor for the epithelial layer.
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| Corneal Stroma | Main body of the cornea.
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| Descemet's Membrane | Contributes rigidity to the cornea.
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| Corneal Endothelium | Serve as pumps to maintain a proper fluid balance with the cornea.
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| Corneal Abrasion | Scratch on the corneal epithelium.
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| Corneal Ulcer | Results if an injury to the corneal epithelium becomes infected.
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| Sclera | The white tissue surrounding the cornea.
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| Limbus | Junction between the sclera and the cornea, also the point where the bulbar conjunctiva terminates since it does not cover the cornea.
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| Anterior Chamber | Small compartment between the cornea and iris that is filled with clear, transparent fluid.
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| Aqueous Humor | Clear, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber and is produced by secretory tissue located behind the iris.
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| Anterior Chamber Angle (Filtration Angle) | Junction of the cornea and iris in which aqueous fluid leaves the eye.
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| Trabecular Meshwork | A spongy structure that filters the aqueous fluid and controls its rate of flow out of the eye.
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| Canal of Schlemm | Conduit in the sclera in which aqueous humor dains.
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| Aqueous Veins | Collector channels which carry aqueous fluid from the canal of Schlemm to the venous vessels on the conjunctiva.
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| Uvea (Uveal Tract) | Main vascular compartment of the eye responsible for providing most of the blood supply and much of the nourishment for the eye.
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| Dilator Muscle | Stretches from the pupils to the boundaries of the iris; contract to widen (dilate) the pupil in reduced lighting conditions.
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| Sphincter Muscle | Encircles the pupil and contracts to make the pupil smaller in response to bright light.
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| Posterior Chamber | Space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous that is filled with a clear, transparent fluid.
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| Ciliary Body | Band-like structure made up of muscle and secretory tissue that extends from the edge of the iris and encircles the inside of the sclera toward the front of the eye.
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| Ciliary Processes | A series of folds, rows, or ridges in the inner surface of the ciliary body that secrete the aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers.
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| Ciliary Muscle | Muscle fibers in the ciliary body.
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| Choroid | A layer of tissue that lies between the sclera and retina; the innermost surface of the posterior segment, made up mostly of blood vessels which supply nourishing blood to the outer layers of the retina.
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| Zonules | Transparent fibers that suspend the lens; radiates from the lens and attaches to the ciliary body.
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| Cortex | Clear, paste-like protien that surrounds the nucleous (core) of the inner lens.
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| Accomodation | When the curvature of the lens changes in order to focus images of objects that are closer to the eye.
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| Presbyopia | A condition when a significant amount of the lens' ability to increase its curvature is lost and an individual can longer focus on very near objects.
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| Opacification | Clouding
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| Cataract | Clouding of the lens.
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| Floaters | Small clumps or strands of concentrated gel floating in the vitreous which cast shadows on the retina and appear to the patient as moving spots.
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| Pigment Epithelium | Pigmented layer of the retina.
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| Photoreceptor | Light-sensitive
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| Rods | Largly responsible for vision in reduced light (night vision) and for peripheral (side) vision.
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| Cones | Provide sharp central vision and the perception of color.
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| Optic Nerve Head (Optic Disc) | Located in the retina where the central retinal artery enters and the central retinal vein exits.
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| Macula | Oval-shaped, highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina.
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| Fovea | Center of the macula; the largest concentration of cone cells.
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