vertebral
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| hyoid bone | located above larnyx in throar; serves as point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles; horseshoe shapes with 2 horns or cornua. does not articulate with any other bone
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| sinus (mucous-lined air cavities) | contained in maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal; maxillary is largest in skull
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| paranasal sinuses | serve as resonance chambers for speech and lighten facial bones
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| sinusitis | inflammation of sinuses
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| vertebral column | extending from skull to pelvis forming body's major axial support; protects delicate spinal cord while allowing spinal nerves to isssue from cord via openings between adjacent vertebrae.
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| vertebrar | 24 single bones and 2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx) (flexibility, curved structure) make up vertebral column
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| cervicAl vertebrae | 7 bones of neck that are part of VC
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| thoracic vertebrae | 12 bones
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| lumbar vertebrae | 5 bones supporting lower back
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| intervertebral discs | pads of fibrocartilage that seperate vertebrae that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks
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| nucleus pulposus | region of ID; a central gelatinous that behaves like fluid
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| annulus fibrous | part of ID; outer ring of encircling collagen fibersthat stabilize the disc and contains pulposus
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| ruptured disc | degenerative changes weaking of ligaments and tendons of vertebral column (older people suffer from it)
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| primary curvatures | thoracic and sacral curvatures of spine present and well developed at birth
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| secondary curvatures | later developments; ex. cervical curvature becomes prominent when baby hold head up independently, lumbar curvature when baby walks
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| centrum (body) | rounded central portion of vertebra which faces anteriorly in human vertebral columbn
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| vertebral arch | composed of pedicle, laminae and a spinous process, it represent the junction of all posterior extensions from vertebral column
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| vertebral (spinal) foramen | opening enclosed by body and vertebral arch; a conduit for spinal cord
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| transverse process | two lateral projections from vertebral arch
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| spinous process | single medial and posterior projection from vertebral arch
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| superior and inferior articular process | paired projections lateral to vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae; superior faces posteriorly and inferior faces anteriorly
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| intervertebral foramina | right and left pedicles have notches on inferior and superior surfaces that create openings, "IE, for spinal nerves to leave spinal cord between adjacent vertebrae
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| sacrum | composite bone formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae
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| median sacral crest | remnant of spinous processes of fused vertebra
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| alae | formed by fusion of tranverse processes
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| sacral foramina | allow blood vessles and nerves to pass
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| sacral hiatus | enlarged opening
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| coccyx | formed from fusion of 3-5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae; tailbone attached to sacrum by ligaments
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| thoracic cage | forms cone shaped elcosure around organs of thoracic cavity (heart lungs) for protection
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| sternum (Breastbone) | typical flat bone as a result of fusion of three bones (manubrium, body, xiphoid process); attached to first 7 pair of ribs
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| manubrium | looks like knot of tie that articulates with clavicle (collarbone) laterally
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| body (gladiolus) | forms bulk of sternum
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| xiphoid process | constructs inferior end of sternum and lies at level of 5th intercostal space
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| jugular notch | concave upper border of manubrium
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| sternal angle | result of manubrium and body meeting at a slight angle to each other so that transverse ridge is formed at level of second ribs
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| xiphisternal joint | point where sternal body xiphoid process fuse
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| ribs | 12 pairs that form walls of thoracic cage
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