Brainstem/Cerebellum
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| What are cerebral peduncles? | Motor fibres (cortico-spinal motor tracts) descending to the spinal cord through the brainstem.
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| Where are cerebral peduncles located? | Midbrain
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| What is the pons? | White matter tract
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| Where is the pons? | Below the midbrain, directly in front of the cerebellum.
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| What is the function of the pons? | Relays information from cortex to cerebellum.
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| What are the pyramidal tracts of the medulla? | Cortico-Spinal Motor Tracts from the midbrain
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| What is decussation? | Crossing over of the cerebral peduncles so that the left brain controls the right side of the body and the right brain controls the left side.
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| How do the cerebral peduncles travel past the pons? | Underneath of it
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| What are the 3 structures of the brainstem? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
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| What is the function of the midbrain? |
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| What is the function of the medulla? |
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| Where are the colliculi located? | Midbrain
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| What is the distinction between the colliculi? | Superior and inferior
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| What are the superior colliculi responsible for? | Visual reflex relay
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| What are the inferior colliculi responsible for? | Auditory reflex relay
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| What do the colliculi relay to? | Cerebellum, this is how it knows where things are in space.
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| What are cerebellar peduncles? | Connections that connect the cerebellum to the back of the brainstem.
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| How many cerebellar peduncles are there? | 3
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| What does the superior cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Vision
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| What does the middle cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Cortico info from the pons about what you planned to move.
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| What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Proprioceptive info (the position of your muscles and joints)
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| What are the three cerebellar peduncles? | Superior, middle, inferior.
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| What is the organization of the spinal cord regarding motor and sensory info? | Motor in the front, sensory in the back.
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| What doe the brainstem contain regarding cranial nerves? | The nuclei (grey matter) for the cranial nerves 3-12.
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| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12
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| What is cranial nerve I? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Olfactory, sensory
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| What is cranial nerve II? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Optic, sensory
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| What is cranial nerve III? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Occulomotor, motor
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| What is cranial nerve IV? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Trochlear, motor
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| What is cranial nerve V? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Trigeminal, both
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| What is cranial nerve VI? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Abducens, motor
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| What is cranial nerve VII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Facial, both
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| What is cranial nerve VIII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Vestibulocochlear, sensory
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| What is cranial nerve IX? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Glossopharyngeal, both
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| What is cranial nerve X? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Vagus, both
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| What is cranial nerve XI? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Accessory, motor
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| What is cranial nerve XII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Hypoglossal, motor
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| What is the reticular formation? | Core of the brainstem
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| What is the function of the reticular formation? | Signals to cortex to keep us alert
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| What is the substantia nigra? | A structure in the midbrain that releases dopamine, functions alongside the basal ganglia.
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| How does Parkinson's disease effect the substantia nigra? | Parkinson's is the death of dopaminergic neurons which stops the flow of dopamine to the basal ganglia.
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| How does the reticular formation work? | It receives sensory input which causes an excitatory impulse that is sent from the reticular formation to the cortex in order to grab your attention.
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| Where does the input for the reticular formation come from? | Vision and ascending general sensory tracts.
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| What neurotransmitter is used to send the message from the reticular formation? | Acetylcholine
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| What are endogenous opiods? | Endorphins and enkephalins.
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| What do opiods do in the body? | Pain killer
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| Where are endogenous opiods released from? | From the reticular formation down to the rest of the body.
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| What three inputs does the cerebellum receive? | Proprio, visual, vestibulo
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| What is vestibulo input? | Balance
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| What side of the body does the left cerebellum have information for? | Left side of the body.
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| What is the pathway of motor planning through the cerebellum? | Frontal Lobe(I'd like to make an action) - Pons - Cerebellum - Cerebral Cortex
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| What must the info from the frontal lobe do before it reaches the cerebellum? | Synapse at the Pons and cross over to the other side.
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| Why must information from the cerebral cortex synapse at the pons? | Because the cerebellum has ipsilateral control whereas the cerebral cortex has contralateral control.
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| What happens with the information once it leaves the cerebellum during motor planning? | Travels to the side of the brain that requested the information to initiate a movement.
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| What happens in the cerebellum during motor planning? | The cerebellum brings all the input it receives together to calculate the best way to coordinate movement.
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| Where does the "blueprint" for the requested motion get sent from? | Deep nuclei within the cerebellum
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| What is the organization of the cerebellum in regards to the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton? | The outside of the cerebellum is responsible for moving your appendicular skeleton. The inside of the cerebellum is responsible for movement of the muscles of the spine and abdomen.
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| What are the two parts to the appendicular section of the brain? | Spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum.
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| What is the function of the spinocerebellum? | Responsible for making planned motions with respect to the limbs.
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| What does the spinocerebellum receive info from? | The spinal cord
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| What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum? | Where you learn new movements.
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| What does the cerebrocerebellum have a lot of connections with? | The cerebral cortex
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| What is the inside portion of the cerebellum called? | Vestibulocerebellum.
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| What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum? | Allows you to maintain balance or an even posture.
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| What kind of input does the appendicular area of the cerebellum receive? | Vision, vestibulo, and proprioceptive
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| What kind of input does the axial area of the cerebellum receive? | Mostly proprioceptive.
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| What is ataxia? | Cerebellar dysfunction particularly through the medial cerebellum.
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| What does a person with ataxia look like when they walk? | They look like they are intoxicated.
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| What can cause ataxia? | A stroke involving the medial cerebellum or chronic exposure to organic solvents.
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| What are intention tremors? | Cerebellar dysfunction through the lateral cerebellum.
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Created by:
clem773
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