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CNS3
Brainstem/Cerebellum
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are cerebral peduncles? | Motor fibres (cortico-spinal motor tracts) descending to the spinal cord through the brainstem. |
| Where are cerebral peduncles located? | Midbrain |
| What is the pons? | White matter tract |
| Where is the pons? | Below the midbrain, directly in front of the cerebellum. |
| What is the function of the pons? | Relays information from cortex to cerebellum. |
| What are the pyramidal tracts of the medulla? | Cortico-Spinal Motor Tracts from the midbrain |
| What is decussation? | Crossing over of the cerebral peduncles so that the left brain controls the right side of the body and the right brain controls the left side. |
| How do the cerebral peduncles travel past the pons? | Underneath of it |
| What are the 3 structures of the brainstem? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla |
| What is the function of the midbrain? | |
| What is the function of the medulla? | |
| Where are the colliculi located? | Midbrain |
| What is the distinction between the colliculi? | Superior and inferior |
| What are the superior colliculi responsible for? | Visual reflex relay |
| What are the inferior colliculi responsible for? | Auditory reflex relay |
| What do the colliculi relay to? | Cerebellum, this is how it knows where things are in space. |
| What are cerebellar peduncles? | Connections that connect the cerebellum to the back of the brainstem. |
| How many cerebellar peduncles are there? | 3 |
| What does the superior cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Vision |
| What does the middle cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Cortico info from the pons about what you planned to move. |
| What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle relay to the cerebellum? | Proprioceptive info (the position of your muscles and joints) |
| What are the three cerebellar peduncles? | Superior, middle, inferior. |
| What is the organization of the spinal cord regarding motor and sensory info? | Motor in the front, sensory in the back. |
| What doe the brainstem contain regarding cranial nerves? | The nuclei (grey matter) for the cranial nerves 3-12. |
| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| What is cranial nerve I? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Olfactory, sensory |
| What is cranial nerve II? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Optic, sensory |
| What is cranial nerve III? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Occulomotor, motor |
| What is cranial nerve IV? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Trochlear, motor |
| What is cranial nerve V? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Trigeminal, both |
| What is cranial nerve VI? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Abducens, motor |
| What is cranial nerve VII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Facial, both |
| What is cranial nerve VIII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Vestibulocochlear, sensory |
| What is cranial nerve IX? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Glossopharyngeal, both |
| What is cranial nerve X? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Vagus, both |
| What is cranial nerve XI? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Accessory, motor |
| What is cranial nerve XII? Is it sensory, motor, or both? | Hypoglossal, motor |
| What is the reticular formation? | Core of the brainstem |
| What is the function of the reticular formation? | Signals to cortex to keep us alert |
| What is the substantia nigra? | A structure in the midbrain that releases dopamine, functions alongside the basal ganglia. |
| How does Parkinson's disease effect the substantia nigra? | Parkinson's is the death of dopaminergic neurons which stops the flow of dopamine to the basal ganglia. |
| How does the reticular formation work? | It receives sensory input which causes an excitatory impulse that is sent from the reticular formation to the cortex in order to grab your attention. |
| Where does the input for the reticular formation come from? | Vision and ascending general sensory tracts. |
| What neurotransmitter is used to send the message from the reticular formation? | Acetylcholine |
| What are endogenous opiods? | Endorphins and enkephalins. |
| What do opiods do in the body? | Pain killer |
| Where are endogenous opiods released from? | From the reticular formation down to the rest of the body. |
| What three inputs does the cerebellum receive? | Proprio, visual, vestibulo |
| What is vestibulo input? | Balance |
| What side of the body does the left cerebellum have information for? | Left side of the body. |
| What is the pathway of motor planning through the cerebellum? | Frontal Lobe(I'd like to make an action) - Pons - Cerebellum - Cerebral Cortex |
| What must the info from the frontal lobe do before it reaches the cerebellum? | Synapse at the Pons and cross over to the other side. |
| Why must information from the cerebral cortex synapse at the pons? | Because the cerebellum has ipsilateral control whereas the cerebral cortex has contralateral control. |
| What happens with the information once it leaves the cerebellum during motor planning? | Travels to the side of the brain that requested the information to initiate a movement. |
| What happens in the cerebellum during motor planning? | The cerebellum brings all the input it receives together to calculate the best way to coordinate movement. |
| Where does the "blueprint" for the requested motion get sent from? | Deep nuclei within the cerebellum |
| What is the organization of the cerebellum in regards to the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton? | The outside of the cerebellum is responsible for moving your appendicular skeleton. The inside of the cerebellum is responsible for movement of the muscles of the spine and abdomen. |
| What are the two parts to the appendicular section of the brain? | Spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum. |
| What is the function of the spinocerebellum? | Responsible for making planned motions with respect to the limbs. |
| What does the spinocerebellum receive info from? | The spinal cord |
| What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum? | Where you learn new movements. |
| What does the cerebrocerebellum have a lot of connections with? | The cerebral cortex |
| What is the inside portion of the cerebellum called? | Vestibulocerebellum. |
| What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum? | Allows you to maintain balance or an even posture. |
| What kind of input does the appendicular area of the cerebellum receive? | Vision, vestibulo, and proprioceptive |
| What kind of input does the axial area of the cerebellum receive? | Mostly proprioceptive. |
| What is ataxia? | Cerebellar dysfunction particularly through the medial cerebellum. |
| What does a person with ataxia look like when they walk? | They look like they are intoxicated. |
| What can cause ataxia? | A stroke involving the medial cerebellum or chronic exposure to organic solvents. |
| What are intention tremors? | Cerebellar dysfunction through the lateral cerebellum. |
Created by:
clem773
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