European State Consolidation in 17 and 18th c
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| What 5 states came to dominate european politics | Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia
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| What 7 european powers were on the decline | Spain, portugal, netherlands, poland, sweden, ottoman empire
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| how did the united provinces of netherlands become a nation | after successfully revolting against spain in 1572
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| what happened in 1672 | french armies of Louis XIV invaded netherlands
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| who is prince william III of orange | stadtholder (hereditary chief) of the most important province Holland
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| How did the Netherlands differ from the rest of europe | other nations had monarchies, netherlands was a republic where states had power
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| Describe the netherlands religious policies | very tolerant, composed of many different religions
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| What 4 factors was Dutch economic achievement built upon? | Urban life, Farming Trade (fishing, textiles, shipping), Overseas Empire (gained control through spice trade in Asia)
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| What was the dutch east india company | monopolized spice trade in East Asia
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| What is a stadtholder | hereditary ruler of a dutch province
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| why did netherlands decline? | lost central authority and became disunited
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| 2 models of government in england; france | parliamentary monarchy; absolutism
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| why did these models of government arise? | cost of warfare was high and only these types of governments succeeded in raising enough money
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| who was James I? describe political policies and religious policies | ruled after elizabeth, from scotland, wanted anglicanisms so faces problems with puritans and was anti-parliament
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| what was Charlies I view on parliament? what did he want for religion | anti, religious conformity
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| who did charles I engage in war with? did he win | Scotland; was defeated
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| what was the petition of right | parliament has to approve taxes, no unfair imprisonment, no quartering of troops in private homes
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| why did the english civil war start | parliament wouldnt give funds to charles's war in scotland, so he built his own army and parliament built their own army
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| 2 factors that allowed parliament to win the civil war | alliance with scotland + leadership of oliver cromwell
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| what did englands gov become under oliver cromwell | strict puritan republic
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| what happened int charles II's Restoration in england | restored monarch authority over parliament, anglicanism
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| what was the treaty of dover | england and france ally against dutch and charles secretly said he would become catholic (to please french)
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| WHAT were the parliament/ religious policies of james II? | anti parliament, catholic
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| what was the glorious revolution | william of orange came to england and took over without a fight, james II fled
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| what was the result of the glorius revolution | protestants had more rights, power taken away from monarchy and given to people in bill of rights
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| what happened to england under walpole? | flourished economically, religious toleration, nobles were happy, parliament had balanced power, no large standing army
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| who were louis XIV's chief ministers | cardinal riechelieu and mazarin
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| what did the fronde teach louis XIV? | he needed to not have heavy handed policies but control by working with nobles
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| what were parlaments | judicial bodies that king consulted with to show he supported nobles
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| what image did louis's palace at versailles give him | strong, wealthy, absolute
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| who was bossuet? | louis's tutor who defended divine right of kings
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| what was jansenism? | anti jesuit, anti monarch, st augustines teaching that original sin condemned human kind, only grace of god could help
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| what was the revocation of the edict of nantes | louis took away protestant rights to unify france relgiously, didnt work bc protestants just left france
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| what were louis's early wars goals? | stop habsburgs and secure international borders
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| what was the war of devolution? | against spanish netherlands, got land in treaty of nijmwegen
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| what was the league of augsburg | alliance of england, spain, sweden, netherlands against france in 9 years war
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| what was the war of spanish succession | war over lands of habsburg empire where france fought everyone else and lost bc poor finance/weapons
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| What did the treaty of utrecht do? | france made peace with england and netherlands, got to keep philip V as kind of spain, england got mediterranean power,
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| what was the mississipi bubble | john law (financial advisor to king) had bad policies which led to inflation and missiissip bubble burst and french economy went down
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| who basically ruled after louis XIV died | Duke of orleans, the regent
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| what did duke of orleans do with parlements | renewed their authority
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| who was who in eastern europe dynasties | Habsburgs-austria, Hohenzollerns-prussia, romanov-russia
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| what did poland fail to do? | establish central government
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| what did habsburgs do well | establish territories all over europe + cooperating with nobles
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| what problem did habsburgs have? | couldnt unify because so many different cultures
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| what did charles VI pragmatic sanction do | established single line of inheritance for his daughter to rule the habsburg empire (bc was scared others would take power)
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| who was the great elector | frederick william who united prussian gov, gave it an army
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| who were the junkers | german noble landlords who obeyed hohenzollerns in exchange for power over serfs
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| what were the russian boyars | nobility who controlled gov before peter the great, peter tried to westernize them
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| what did peter's youth teach him | boyars/streltsy must be controlled and russian military power must increase
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| what was the great northern war | russian war against sweden to gain control in baltic, won
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| what was st petersburg | peter's version of versailles; showed his power + westernization
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| what were the colleges that peter made | instititutions that made laws all under his approval
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| what was the table of ranks | equated boyars social rank with gov rank to make them serve the gov
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| what were millets | units that ottoman sultans ruled through
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| what were jannisaries? | unit of elite chirstian boy troops raised as muslims
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| what were the ulama | islamic scholars who had political authority, very traditional
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| what 2 battles did the ottomans lose | battle of lepanto and siege of vienna
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| why did the ottoman empire decline? | lots of disunity and rivalry in gov, lost battles, became less advanced than other european nations due to isolation
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| what did charles II declaration of indulgences do | suspended all laws against catholics and protestants
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