Integumentary System
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| Functions of integumentary system? | Physical protection, thermoregulation, excretion, sensory information, storage of lipids, immune response to pathogens and cancers in skin
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| Epidermis of skin | Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, 4 cell types: keratinocytes (most abundant), melanocytes, kerkel cells, langerhans cells
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| Layers of the epidermis? | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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| Stratum Basale | Deepest layer. Basal cells dominate stratum basale...replacing superficial keratinocytes. Contains melanocytes and merkel cells
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| Stratum Spinosum | Keratinocytes are connected by desmosomes...melanocytes and langerhans cells are present
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| Stratum Granulosum | Keratohyalin accumulates in electron-dense granules called keratohyalin granules. Cells of this layer also contain membrane bound granules that release their contents by EXOCYTOSIS- forms sheets of a lipid-rich substance...water resistant layer.
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| Callus is formed in stratum granuolosum | Increased friction against skin stimulates increased keratohyalin and keratin synthesis by keratinocytes...results in formation of a callus
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| Stratum Lucidum | Thick skin..palms of hands and soles of feet
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| Stratum Corneum | Most superficial layer..abundant in keratinocytes
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| Keratinized Epithelium | An epithelium containing large amounts of keratin...in stratum corneum
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| Epidermal Ridges | Stratum basale of epidermis forms epidermal ridges that extend into the dermis
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| Dermal Papilla | Projections from dermis to epidermis...extend between adjacent ridges
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| Three factors that determine skin color | Dermal blood supply, thickness of stratum corneum, carotene & melanin
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| Dermal Blood Supply | When circulatory supply is temporarily reduced, the skin becomes pale
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| Carotene | Accumulates inside keratinocytes, orange/yellow pigment of skin
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| Melanocytes | melanin is stored inside melanocytes, respond to UV exposure by increasing rates of melanin synthesis and transfer
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| Cyanosis | Dermal blood supply, bluish coloration of skin...most apparent in lips/beneath nails
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| How do stretch marks form? | Extensive distortion of dermis that occurs over abdomen during pregnancy exceeds elastic capabilities of skin. Elastic fibers break and skin does not recoil to original size.
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| Lines of cleavage | Orientation of collagen and elastic fibers arranged in bundles - aligned to resist applied forces
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| Line of clevage importance | Parallel cut to line of clevage will remain closed but a cut at the right angle will be pulled open
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| Subcutaneous Layer | Consists of loose connective tissue with abundant adipocytes
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| Subcutaneous layer difference in infants and adults | As we grow, the distribution of subcutaneous fat changes..infants and children have extensive "baby fat".
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| Hypodermic Needle | Subcutaneous injection is a useful method for administering drugs..hypodermic needle refers to the region targeted for injection
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| Difference between hair root and shaft | Hair root extends from hair bulb to point where internal organization of hair is complete. Hair shaft extends to halfway skin surface to the exposed tip of hair
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| Exocrine Glands Classification | Sebaceous glands and sweat glands
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| Sebaceous Glands | Discharge a waxy sebum in hair foliciles
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| Sweat glands | Apocrine and merocrine. Both contain myoepithelial cells
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| Apocrine | Armpits/around nipples...odorous secretion
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| Merocrine | palms/soles...secretes sweat
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| Skin Cancers | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell caricoma, maligant melanoma
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| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Originates in stratum basale, most common, found in areas subjected to UV exposure, inherited gene
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| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Restricted to areas of sun-exposed skin,
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| Maligant Melanoma | Most dangerous, cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly
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