Muscle Tissue
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| Latin word for “little mouse” | Muscle
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| 1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue, &
3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
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| squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs | Smooth muscle
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| 4 main functions of Muscle Tissue | 1) Maintenance of posture & producing body movement—enables the body to remain sitting or standing
2) Stabilizating body positions
3) Storing & moving substances within the body
4) Heat generation
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| 4 main features of Muscle Tissue | Contractility-long cells shorten and generate pulling force
Excitability-electrical nerve impulse stimulate contraction
Extensibility-stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle
Elasticit-recoil after being stretched
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| Packaged into skeletal muscles Makes up 40% of body weight Cells are striated |
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| occupies the walls of hollow organs, squeezes fluids and other substances through hollow organs, cells lack striations |
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| Cells of smooth and skeletal muscle are known as: | fibers
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| Plasma membrane of muscle cells is called the | sarcolemma
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| Cystoplasm of muscle cells is called the | sarcoplasm
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| Each muscle is an organ | Each muscle is an organ
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| dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle | Epimysium
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| surrounds each fascicle (group of muscle fibers) | Perimysium
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| a fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell | Endomysium
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| Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with tendons | Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with tendons
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| provide elasticity and carry blood vessels and nerves | Sheaths
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| Each skeletal muscle is supplied by branches of | One nerve
One artery
One or more veins
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| Smallest nerve branches serve |
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| Bone markings present where tendons meet bones: | Tubercles, trochanters, and crests
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| Length and diameter of skeletal muscle fiber ((very large)): | Diameter:10–100µm
Length: several centimeters
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue cells are multinucleate and the nuclei are peripherally located | Skeletal Muscle Tissue cells are multinucleate and the nuclei are peripherally located
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| Striations result from | myofibrils
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| Are long rods within cytoplasm Make up 80% of the cytoplasm Are a specialized contractile organelle found in muscle tissue Are a long row of repeating segments called sarcomeres (functional unit of Skeletal MT) | Myofibrils
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| Overlap inner ends of the thin filaments Contain ATPase enzymes | Thick (myosin) filaments
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| Full length of the thick filament (includes inner end of thin filaments) | A bands
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| center part of A band where no thin filaments occur | H zone
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| A bands and I bands refract polarized light differently: A bands —anisotropic I bands —isotropic | A bands and I bands refract polarized light differently:
A bands —anisotropic
I bands —isotropic
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| in center of H zone Contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments together | M line
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| region with only thin filaments Lies within two adjacent sarcomeres | I band
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| A specialized smooth ER that contains calcium ions that are released when muscle is stimulated to contract |
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| What do calcium ions trigger when by diffusing through the cytoplasm? | Sliding filament mechanism
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| deep invaginations of sarcolemma | T tubules
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| Triad
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| muscle shortens to do work | Concentric contraction
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| muscle generates force as it lengthens | Eccentric contraction (resists gravity)
(e.g. "Down" portion of a pushup)
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| Striation pattern when fully relaxed | thin filaments partially overlap thin filaments
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| Striation pattern when contracted | Z discs move closer together
Sarcomere shortens
I bands shorten, H zone disappears
A band remains the same length
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| Muscle is stretched by a movement opposite that which contracts it | Muscle extension
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| The greatest force is produced when a fiber: | starts out slightly stretched
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| Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments | Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments
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| a spring-like molecule in sarcomeres Resists overstretching Holds thick filaments in place Unfolds when muscle is stretched | Titin
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| point where nerve ending and muscle fiber meet | Neuromuscular junction
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| Ends of axons Store neurotransmitters | Axon terminals
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| space between axon terminal and sarcolemma | Synaptic cleft
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| 2 characteristic categories of skeletal muscle fibers | 1) How they manufacture energy (ATP)
2) How quickly they contract
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| produce ATP aerobically | Oxidative fibers
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| produce ATP anaerobically | Glycolytic fibers
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| 3 classes of skeletal muscle fibers |
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| Red color due to abundant myoglobin Obtain energy from aerobic metabolic reactions Contain a large number of mitochondria Richly supplied with capillaries Contract slowly and resistant to fatigue Fibers are small in diameter | Slow oxidative fibers
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| Have an intermediate diameter Contract quickly like fast glycolytic fibers Are oxygen-dependent Have high myoglobin content and rich supply of capillaries Somewhat fatigue-resistant More powerful than slow oxidative fibers | Fast oxidative fibers
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| Muscle tissues have few disorders (with the exception of the heart) Skeletal muscle is remarkably resistant to infection Smooth muscle problems stem from external irritants | Muscle tissues have few disorders (with the exception of the heart)
Skeletal muscle is remarkably resistant to infection
Smooth muscle problems stem from external irritants
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| A group of inherited muscle destroying disease Affected muscles enlarge with fat and connective tissue Muscles degenerate |
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| 2 types of muscular dystrophy |
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| Skeletal muscles contract by which week of development? | Week 7
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| Pumps blood three weeks after fertilization | Cardiac muscle
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| Surround skeletal muscle fibers Resemble undifferentiated myoblasts Fuse into existing muscle fibers to help them grow | Satellite cells
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| Decrease in muscular strength is 50% by age | 80
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| muscle wasting | Sarcopenia
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