Append. Skeleton
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| Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk | Pectoral girdle
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| Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk | Pelvic girdle
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| (Upper and lower limbs differ in function but share the same structural plan) | (Upper and lower limbs differ in function but share the same structural plane)
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| Consists of the clavicle and the scapula Does not quite encircle the body completely Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb Very light and upper limbs are mobile | The Pectoral Girdle
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| Socket of the shoulder joint | glenoid cavity
(shallow;good for flexibility, bad for stability)
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| Look at slide 6 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Articulated Pectoral Girdle | Look at slide 6 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Articulated Pectoral Girdle
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| Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Sternal end articulates (joins) with the manubrium Acromial end articulates with scapula Hold scapulae and arms laterally Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton | Clavicles
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| Look at slide 6 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Right Clavicle | Look at slide 6 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Right Clavicle
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| Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage Located between ribs 2–7 | Scapulae
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| 3 borders of the Scapulae | Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)
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| 3 angles of the Scapulae | Lateral
Superior
Inferior
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| Look at slides 11-13 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Scapulae | Look at slides 11-13 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Scapulae
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| How many bones form each upper limb? | 30
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| 3 groups of bones in the upper limb | Arm
Forearm
Hand
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| The only longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow | Humerus
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| Look at slides 18 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Humerus | Look at slides 18 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Humerus
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| Formed from the radius and ulna Proximal ends articulate with the humerus Distal ends articulate with carpals | Forearm
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| Describe the radius and ulna in anatomical positions | The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
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| Interconnects radius and ulna | The inter-osseous membrane
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| Where do the radius and ulna articulate (join)? | At the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints
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| Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage Plays little to no role in hand movement | Ulna
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| Look at slides 22-23 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Radius and Ulna | Look at slides 22-23 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Radius and Ulna
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| Superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum Medial part of the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Distal part articulates with carpal bones Contributes heavily to the wrist joint | Radius
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| Look at slides 25 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna | Look at slides 25 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
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| Bones of the Hand | Carpus—wrist
Metacarpals—palm
Phalanges—fingers
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| Forms the true wrist—the proximal region of the hand Gliding movements occur between carpals Composed of eight marble-sized bones | Carpus
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| 2 irregular rows of the Carpus | Proximal row from lateral to medial
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform
Distal row from lateral to medial
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
A mnemonic to help remember carpals:
Sally left the party to take Carmen home
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| Look at slide 29 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Hand | Look at slide 29 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Hand
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| radiate distally from the wrist | Metacarpus
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| Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges | Metacarpals (palm)
(Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb))
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| Fingers | Phalanges
(Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb))
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| How many phalanges does each finger have? What are their names? | Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges
(named proximal, middle, and distal)
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| Look at slide 32 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Upper Limb | Look at slide 32 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Upper Limb
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| Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral organs Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) united anteriorly Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum | Pelvic Girdle
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| A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface (deep cup that holds the head of the femur) | Acetabulum
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| A deep, basin-like structure Formed by: Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx | Pelvic Girdle
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| Look at slide 36 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Pelvic Girdle | Look at slide 36 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
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| Which three separate bones does the Pelvic Girdle consist of in childhood? | Ilium, ischium, and pubis
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| Large, flaring bone Forms the superior region of the coxal bone Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint | Ilium
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| Forms postero-inferior region of the coxal bone Anteriorly joins the pubis | Ischium
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| strongest part of the hip bone | Ischial tuberosities
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| Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone Lies horizontally in anatomical position | Pubis
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| Fibrocartilage at the midline joining the two pubic bones | Pubic symphysis
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| Angle inferior to the pubic symphysis that helps to distinguish male from female pelves | Pubic arch
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| Look at slide 41 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Hip Bone | Look at slide 41 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Hip Bone
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| 2 regions of the pelvis | False (greater) pelvis—bounded by alae of the iliac bones
True (lesser) pelvis—inferior to pelvic brim and forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
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| Look at slide 43 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of True vs. False Pelves | Look at slide 43 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of True vs. False Pelves
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| What are the major differences between male and female pelves? | Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
Provides more room in the true pelvis
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| Look at slide 45-46 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of Female vs. Male Pelves | Look at slide 45-46 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of Female vs. Male Pelves
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| Thicker, stronger limb that carries the entire weight of the erect body | The Lower Limb
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| 3 segments of the lower limb | Thigh, leg, and foot
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| The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee | Thigh
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| The single bone of the thigh Longest and strongest bone of the body Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum | Femur
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| Look at slide 49 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Femur | Look at slide 49 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Femur
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| Triangular sesamoid bone Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles Protects the knee anteriorly Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee | Patella
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| Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle Composed of the tibia and fibula | Leg
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| more massive medial bone of the leg Receives weight of the body from the femur | Tibia
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| stick-like lateral bone of the leg | Fibula
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| Connects the tibia and fibula | Interosseous membrane
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| Articulation that forms the knee joint | Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
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| Articulation that forms the ankle joint | Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
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| Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint but does stabilize the ankle joint | Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint but does stabilize the ankle joint
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| Look at slides 53-54 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Tibia and Fibula | Look at slides 53-54 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Tibia and Fibula
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| composed of: Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges | The Foot
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| Supports body weight Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking Segmentation makes pliable and adapted to uneven ground | The Foot
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| Makes up the posterior half of the foot Contains seven bones called tarsals | Tarsus
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| Site of articulation of tarsus with the tibia | Trochlea of the talus
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| Cuboid, navicular, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms are examples of: | Tarsals
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| Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe) First metatarsal supports body weight | Metatarsus
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| Compare phalanges of the toes with phalanges of the fingers: | Phalanges of the toes are smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
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| How many phalanges are in the toe? | 14
(3 in each toe except for 2 in the big toe)
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| Look at slides 59-61 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Foot | Look at slides 59-61 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Bones of the Foot
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| 3 arches of the foot | Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
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| How are arches in the foot maintained? | Interlocking shapes of tarsals
Ligaments and tendons
“Keystones”
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| What is the keystone in the medial longitudinal arch called? | Talus
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| What is the keystone in the lateral longitudinal arch called? | Cuboid
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| Look at slides 63-64 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Arches of the Foot | Look at slides 63-64 in CHAP-8 to see an illustration of the Arches of the Foot
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| Disorder where the head of the femur slips out of acetabulum | Hip dysplasia
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| Disorder where soles of the feet turn medially | Clubfoot
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| Growth of which skeleton increases height and changes body proportions? | The Appendicular Skeleton
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| At birth, head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as lower limbs Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk Upper/lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10 | At birth, head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as lower limbs
Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
Upper/lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10
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| Few changes occur in adult skeleton until middle age, when the skeleton loses mass and osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common | Few changes occur in adult skeleton until middle age, when the skeleton loses mass and osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common
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