The Age of Religious Wars
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| What 2 factors fueled the religious wars | actual religious conflict + dynastic rivalries between protestants and catholics
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| what was the nature of religious conflict during the first half of the 16h century | lutheran/zwinglian struggle for rights in central europe
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| what had become a legal religion in the holy roman empire after the Peace of Augsburg? | Lutheranism
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| by 1564 what had Geneva become? | refuge for persecuted protestants and international school for protestant resistance
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| What is a politique? | a ruler who keeps political unity by promoting religious tolerance
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| list 3 rulers who were not politiques | mary I of england, phillip II of spain, oliver cromwell
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| what 3 countries experienced religious wars? | France, netherlands, England
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| Who were the Huguenots? when were they in france? | french protestants; already in france in 1520s when lutheran writings were spreading
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| What provided the motive for the first wave of protestant persecutions in France? | capture of French King Francis I by Emperor Charles V, who was a Protestant opponent
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| What did the Edict of Fontainebleau do? | subjected huguenots to the Inquisition
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| what important shift happened in 1559? | power started to shift from france to spain
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| with the french monarchy weakened, what happened? | 3 powerful french families (Guises, Bourbons, Montmorency-Chatillions) all competed for control
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| What was the name "guise" interchangeable with? | militant catholicism
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| what were the religious views of the other 2 leading families? why? | they were Huguenot because of political reasons
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| What 2 men became the political leaders of the French Protestant resistance? | Louis I, prince of Condé (bourbon) and Admiral Coligny (montmorency chatillion)
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| describe the calvinist population in france | was very small percentage of main population, but prevalent in noble population
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| how did the Calvinist alliance with political dissidents help and hurt the movement? | helped with goal to become an accepted religion, hurt because of suspicion about secular motives of calvinists
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| Who was Catherine de Medicis? What is she known for? | queen regent for son Charles IX, king of france. tried to be in between the 2 sides (guises and Protestants)
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| What event marked beginining of French wars of religion? | Duke of Guise massacred Protestant worshippers in Champagne
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| What did the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye do? | gave Protestants right to religious freedoms in their towns + right to fortify their towns
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| What happened at the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre? | the crown ordered thousands of Huguenots + Coligny to be murdered in Paris, supported by Catherine de medicis
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| How did the St Barts Day Massacre change the nature of the struggle between the Protestants and Catholics? | changed it from a french struggle to international struggle
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| What was the new Protestant resistance theory like? | focused on political resistance --> lower magistrates had right to oppose rulers if they were being tyrannical
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| What was granted at the Peace of Beaulieu? Did it last and why? | granted Huguenots almost complete religious freedom. Did not last because france wasnt ready for that much toleratoin
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| What group did Henry Navarre lead? | Protestants
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| When King Henry was assassinated, who took over the throne? | Henry of Navarre
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| How did Spain and the Pope react to Henry of Navarre becoming King? | unhappy because didn't want France to be Protestant
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| How did the French people react to the Spanish trying to interfere with Henry IV's rule? | didn't like it because they liked Henry IV and thought he should rule
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| How was Henry IV a politique | converted from Protestantism to Catholicism to keep peace
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| What did the Edict of Nantes declare? | gave Huguenots rights of public worship, access to universities/offices, rights to fortify towns ONLY in their own towns
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| What happened in May 1610? | Henry IV assassinated by Catholic fanatic
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| What was Henry IV's legacy | Edict of Nantes, and his political/economic policies that helped stabilize France
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| describe spain before defeat of the spanish armada in 1588 | most powerful european power ruled by philip II
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| What are the 4 pillars of spanish power | new world riches from silver mines, increased population, efficient bureacracy and military, supremacy in mediterranean
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| What was the battle of lepanto | Holy League (spain and others) won naval battle against ottoman navy --> spain temporarily controls mediterranean
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| What happened when Philip tries to impose his will on the netherlands, england, and france? | He faced resistance + was defeated
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| Who was cardinal granvelle? what did he do? | head of spanish ruling council in netherlands, wanted to establish centralized Catholic gov in netherlands
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| was granvelles removal enough to stop popular unrest | no aristocrats ruled unsuccessfully, still unrest
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| what was the Compromise? what was it a response to | dutch protestant pledge to reists decrees of trent + inquisition, response to philip trying to enforce council of trent
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| what was the Council of Troubles | tribunal led by Duke of Alba that harshly rules over netherlands
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| who emerged as a leader of Dutch independence movement | william of orange
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| how did political resistance gain support | by merging with Calvinism
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| what were the Sea Beggars, what did they do | international group of anti-spainish exiles who captured port city Brill and spread resistance
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| What happened during the Pacification of Ghent | S and N Catholic provinces unite against Spain, declared that regions can choose religion
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| What was the 12 years truce? | gave n provinces of netherlands independence
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| what were mary tudor's shocking domestic policies | -got rid of protestant statues, executed many prot. for heresy
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| 3 Major settlements of Elizabeth I | Act of Supremacy (gave elizabeth complete power) Act of Uniformity(every english priest needs book of common prayer) and 39 Articles (moderate protestantism as official english religion)
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| 2 groups of puritans | Presbyterians (wanted to create semi autonomous congregations; Congregationalists wanted every congregation autonomous
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| What was the Babington Plot. result? | plot to kill elizabeth which mary was in on, mary was executed
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| What happened to the Spanish Armada? | it was defeated by the english + dutch ships in 1588
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| what was the result of the defeat of the Spanish Armada | spain lost stance as major european power
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| what is the thirty years war | last and most destructive of religious wars
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| what were the preconditions of the war? | politically/religiously divided germany, failure of peace of augsburg
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| what percentage of the pop was protestant | 50%
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| who is frederick III | elector of german territory Palatinate who made Calvinism official religion there
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| what is the significance of Heidelburg | main German stronghold for calvinism
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| significance of Bavaria | main German stronghold ffor counter reformation
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| what was the Catholic League | formed to counter protestant alliance formed by elector palatine frederick IV
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| Who was habsburg Ferdinand | archduke who became king of bohemia, catholic
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| what is the Defenstration of Prague | event where protestant nobles reacted to ferdinand revoking religious freedom by throwing his regents out of a window
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| What happened in the Bohemian phase | Defenstration of prague --> emperor vs bohemian calvinist nobility --> protestants defeated in battle of white mountain (catholic victory)
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| who is maximillian of bavaria | catholic duke who allied with emperor
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| What happened in the Danish phase | Wallenstein (mercenary general) fights for HRE --> won many battles -->edict of restitution --> Catholic victory
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| What did the Edict of Restitution declare | calvinism was illegal, lutherans had to return church land they gained
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| what happened in the Swedish phase? | Gustavas Adolphus (protestant swedish king) wins battle of breitenfeld --> protestants get territories back
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| What was the Peace of Prague | german protestant states make compromise with emp ferdinand II
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| What was the Peace of Prague | german protestant states make compromise with emp ferdinand II
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| Describe the swedish french period of the war | becomes international --> Cardinal Reichelieu (politique) + protestants defeat HRE, ; foreign armies were destroying disunited germany which led to peace talks
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| what fraction of germanys population did the war kill | 1/3
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| what did the treaty of Westphalia do | ended reformation in Germany
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| what were 2 main terms of the treaty | reaffirmed that territories determine own religion, calvinism became legal, HRE dissolved, independence of Sweden + netherlands
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| main results of 30 years war | germany destroyed, germany weakened, ended wars of religion, france as main power
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