chapter 32 digestive system
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| The group of organs that changes food that has been eaten into a form that can be used by the body's cells. Name the system | Digestive
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| Another name for the digestive system? | Gastrointestinal
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| Connecting chain of organs is sometimes referred to as the... | Alimentary canal
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| The digestive process can be divided into four phases: | Ingestion, digestion, absorbtion, and
Elimination
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| Food that is consumed is acted on by various ______ & _____ means as it progresses through the body | Mechanical & Chemical
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| The main organs of the system are those through which food passes. They are? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
Small intestine & large intestine
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| Organs that play a major role in the digestive process, in the mouth, there are the? | Teeth, salivary glands and tongue
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| The liver, gallbladder and pancreas have acess to the? | Small intestine
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| The activity performed by the organs of the digestive system, & is defined as the process by which food is broken down, mechanically & chemically, in the GI tract and converted into an absorbable form that can be used by the cells of the body. | Digestion
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| The human body can manufacture the appropriate fuel if it receives an adequate supply of the right _____ materials | Raw
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| Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water and roughage are | Raw materials the are available from the basic food groups.
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| Raw materials from the basic food grout should be eaten _____. | Daily
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| Carbohydrates supply about two thirds of energy calories needed each _____ | Day
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| Proteins are obtained primarily from? | Plant and animals sources
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| Proteins are important to be eaten daily because they are the main ingredients needed to..... | Build and repair cells and tissue
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| Other raw materials required for a healthy body are what two things? | Vitamins and minerals
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| All the raw materials the body needs are altered by the _____ _____ to provide the essential elements necessary for good health | Digestive system
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| Food enters through the? | Mouth
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| What breaks up the food into small pieces to make it easier to swallow and prepare it for more effective action by digestive enzymes. | Teeth
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| Baby teeth are called? And appear at what age? | Deciduous, 6 months
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| Permanent teeth begins at age? | 6 yrs old
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| Name of teeth that bites with sharp edges | Incisors
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| Teeth that are pointed to puncture and tear? | Canines or cuspids
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| Teeth for grinding and crushing? | Premolars or bicuspids and molars
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| What muscle in the mouth aids the process by moving the food around and brings it in contact with the teeth? | Tongue
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| The surface of the tongue contain _______ _______, located within the papillae projections | Tatse buds
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| Excrete the fluid know as saliva | The salivary glands
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| Saliva is released from 3 pairs of glands, what are they? | Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
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| Saliva contains an enzyme called _______, which this chemical begins the break down of carbohydrates into sugar. | Ptyalin
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| Saliva also provides moisture that enables the taste buds to perceive the sensations of what 4 things? | Sweet, sour, bitter and salty
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| Saliva cleans the ____ by washing away food particles. | Teeth
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| What aids tthe production of speech | Presence of saliva in the oral cavity.
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| The combo of mashed food substances and saliva is called.... | Bolus
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| The bolus could go down what 3 different directions? | Nasal cavity, down and foward
into thetrachea and the esophagus
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| Once food is swallowed, its movement through the body is maintained by the smooth, involuntary muscle action called? | Peristalsis
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| food enters the esophagus, muscles contract and relax squeezing the bolus which create the peristaltic "______ action", which moves the bolus to the _____. | milking, stomach
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| upper opening to the stomach is controlled by a circular muscle called the..... | cardiac sphincter
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| the stomach is shaped like the letter? | J
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| how long is the stomach? | 10 inches
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| stomach is structured by how many layers | 3
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| where is the stomach located? | just beneath the diaphram
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| the inner layer of the stomach is thick and full of folds called? | rugae
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| Because the stomach is capable of expanding it can hold about _____ _____ of food and liquid. | half gallon
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| Once in the stomach the circular, longitudinal, and an oblique layer work together in a strong rhythmic motion to ? | break up the food into tiny particles
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| the stomach lining is formed of? | mucus membrane
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| the stomach lining also has about 35 million ____ glands, which secrete __________ ______, and several enzyme. | gastric, hydrochloric acid
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| what enzyme curdles the milk? | rennin
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| What is the enzyme that splits certain fats, while pepsin digests the milk curds fro the rennin? | Lipase
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| What layer of the stomach protects the gastric cells from acid injury? | Mucus layer
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| an excess of acid of a length of time can cause an? | ulcer
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| a peptic ulcer is? | an ulcer in the stomach that is caused by acid
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| The partially digested food in the stomach is changed into semiliquid stated called ______ in 3 to 5 hours | chime
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| liquid passes in the matter of ? | minutes
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| where is the pyloric sphincter located? | at the end of the stomach
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| the pyloric sphincter allows the chyme to spurt through the sphincter into the? | small intestine
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| emesis | vomiting
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| 1 inch in diameter and 20 feet in length | small intestine
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| the small intestine completes the _______ process and absorbs the _____ from the chime. | digestive, nutrients
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| how many sections to the small intestine? | 3
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| the first and C-shaped and is about 9 inches long. | duodenum
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| the 2nd segment is about 8 feet long in length | jejunum
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| the 3rd is 12 feet long | ileum
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| the jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the _____, it is a fan-shaped fold of tissue that is attached to the posterior abdominal wall. | mesentery
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| which valve allows the chyme to enter the cecum and separates the ileum and cecum? | ileocecal
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| what is the cecum? | it is the first segment of the large intestine
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| largest gland in the body? | liver
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| the liver lies below the diaphragm in the ____ ____ ____ of the abdomen. | URQ
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| The liver secretes _____ and digest _____ | bile, fats
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| the liver also stores ______, a form of glucose. | glycogen
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| the liver performs life-essential service of manufacturing _______, _______ and other substances required for the process of clotting. | fibrinogen and prothrombin
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| liver is also an important storage area for blood and body fluid because of its? | large size
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| the liver receives blood from 2 separate systems. | the arterial and hepatic artery
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| it is a small sac attached to the underside of the liver and its sole purpose is the concentration and storage of bile. | gallbladder
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| gallbladder has 3 ducts, name them. | cystic, hepatic, and common bile
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| the common duct empties the bile directly into the? | duodenum
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| what are cholelithiasis | gallstones
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| surgical removal of gallstone | cholecystectomy
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| yellow discoloration of sclera, mucosa and skin is known as | jaundice
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| lies behind the stomach, is a gland in 2 different ways | pancreas
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| pancreas secrets directly in the bloodstream a substance called? | insulin
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| a vital function of the small intestine | absorption
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| absorption is accomplished through millions of microscopic structures known as _____ | villi
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| 5 feet long, 2 inches in diameter aka the colon, and absorbs the excess liquid from the chyme through capillaries in the lining | large intestine
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| are there villi in the large intestine | nope
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| the colon absorbs water, plus some salts and proteins, are later filtered out of the blood by _____ to be eliminated in the urine | kidneys
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| remaining fibrous waste are formed into semisolid feces to be eliminated through the ? | rectum
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| when material leaves the ileum, it enters the | cecum
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| the large intestine are divided into | ascending, transverse and descending sections
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| the rectum is ___ to ___ inches long | 6 to 8 inches
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| the _____ canal is a narrow passageway about 1 inch long, extending from the rectum to the _____ | anal, anus
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| both ends of the anal canal are controlled by | sphincter muscle
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| Localized infection is a collection of educate in the soft tissue adjacent to the anus or rectum. S/S thrombing, painful lump, which makes sitting and coughing very uncomfortable | Anorectal abscess and fistula
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| What is appendicitis and what is the treatment? | Inflamed appendix. Surgical removal
(appendectomy)
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| Chronic disease of the liver. | Cirrhosis
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| inflammation of the colon | colitis
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| malignancy of the colon or rectum | colorectal
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| an artificial opening of he colon, allowing fecal material to be excreted from the body through the abdominal wall | colostomy
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| flatus | gas
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| a condition of sluggish bowel action | constipation
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| an inflammation of any portion of the GI tract | Crohn's Disease
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| a condition of repeated frequent, liquid stools | diarrhea
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| is the presence of bulging pouches in the wall of the GI tract where the lining has pushed into the surrounding muscle | Diverticulosis
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| crack or tear in the lining of the anus | anal fissure
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| an inflammation of the stomach and intestines | gastroenteritis
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| a backflow of gastric | gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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| the veins become dilated in anus and or rectum | hemorrhoids
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| inflammation and infection of the liver, has different types | hepatitis
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| the protrusion of an internal organ | hernia
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| the surgical opening of the ileum allows chyme of the small intestine to empty through the abdominal wall | ileostomy
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| chronic diarrhea and altering constipation | IBS
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| physiologic intestinal obstruction | paralytic ileus
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| an encircled lesion in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, duodenum, or jejunum | peptic ulcer
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| a mass of tissue | polyp
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| itching of the area surrounding the anus, often associated with irritation and burning | pruritus ani
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| a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, which interferes with the stomach |
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| exam to view the entire large intestine using a flexible fiberoptic scope | colonoscopy
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| Radiologic studies of the GI tract | Gastrointestinal series
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| when esophagus is in question, pt. may have to drink radiopaque liquid called | barium swallow
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| viewing of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum though a flexible scoped that is lighted by fiberoptics | gastroscopy
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| scanning structures, such as the liver or spleen, made possible by radioactive materials | nuclear medicine studye
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| exam of the lower rectum and anal canal | proctoscopy
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| exam to view the lower portion of the sigmoid and rectum | sigmioidoscopy
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