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a & p 2
chapter 32 digestive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The group of organs that changes food that has been eaten into a form that can be used by the body's cells. Name the system | Digestive |
| Another name for the digestive system? | Gastrointestinal |
| Connecting chain of organs is sometimes referred to as the... | Alimentary canal |
| The digestive process can be divided into four phases: | Ingestion, digestion, absorbtion, and Elimination |
| Food that is consumed is acted on by various ______ & _____ means as it progresses through the body | Mechanical & Chemical |
| The main organs of the system are those through which food passes. They are? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Small intestine & large intestine |
| Organs that play a major role in the digestive process, in the mouth, there are the? | Teeth, salivary glands and tongue |
| The liver, gallbladder and pancreas have acess to the? | Small intestine |
| The activity performed by the organs of the digestive system, & is defined as the process by which food is broken down, mechanically & chemically, in the GI tract and converted into an absorbable form that can be used by the cells of the body. | Digestion |
| The human body can manufacture the appropriate fuel if it receives an adequate supply of the right _____ materials | Raw |
| Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water and roughage are | Raw materials the are available from the basic food groups. |
| Raw materials from the basic food grout should be eaten _____. | Daily |
| Carbohydrates supply about two thirds of energy calories needed each _____ | Day |
| Proteins are obtained primarily from? | Plant and animals sources |
| Proteins are important to be eaten daily because they are the main ingredients needed to..... | Build and repair cells and tissue |
| Other raw materials required for a healthy body are what two things? | Vitamins and minerals |
| All the raw materials the body needs are altered by the _____ _____ to provide the essential elements necessary for good health | Digestive system |
| Food enters through the? | Mouth |
| What breaks up the food into small pieces to make it easier to swallow and prepare it for more effective action by digestive enzymes. | Teeth |
| Baby teeth are called? And appear at what age? | Deciduous, 6 months |
| Permanent teeth begins at age? | 6 yrs old |
| Name of teeth that bites with sharp edges | Incisors |
| Teeth that are pointed to puncture and tear? | Canines or cuspids |
| Teeth for grinding and crushing? | Premolars or bicuspids and molars |
| What muscle in the mouth aids the process by moving the food around and brings it in contact with the teeth? | Tongue |
| The surface of the tongue contain _______ _______, located within the papillae projections | Tatse buds |
| Excrete the fluid know as saliva | The salivary glands |
| Saliva is released from 3 pairs of glands, what are they? | Parotid, submandibular and sublingual |
| Saliva contains an enzyme called _______, which this chemical begins the break down of carbohydrates into sugar. | Ptyalin |
| Saliva also provides moisture that enables the taste buds to perceive the sensations of what 4 things? | Sweet, sour, bitter and salty |
| Saliva cleans the ____ by washing away food particles. | Teeth |
| What aids tthe production of speech | Presence of saliva in the oral cavity. |
| The combo of mashed food substances and saliva is called.... | Bolus |
| The bolus could go down what 3 different directions? | Nasal cavity, down and foward into thetrachea and the esophagus |
| Once food is swallowed, its movement through the body is maintained by the smooth, involuntary muscle action called? | Peristalsis |
| food enters the esophagus, muscles contract and relax squeezing the bolus which create the peristaltic "______ action", which moves the bolus to the _____. | milking, stomach |
| upper opening to the stomach is controlled by a circular muscle called the..... | cardiac sphincter |
| the stomach is shaped like the letter? | J |
| how long is the stomach? | 10 inches |
| stomach is structured by how many layers | 3 |
| where is the stomach located? | just beneath the diaphram |
| the inner layer of the stomach is thick and full of folds called? | rugae |
| Because the stomach is capable of expanding it can hold about _____ _____ of food and liquid. | half gallon |
| Once in the stomach the circular, longitudinal, and an oblique layer work together in a strong rhythmic motion to ? | break up the food into tiny particles |
| the stomach lining is formed of? | mucus membrane |
| the stomach lining also has about 35 million ____ glands, which secrete __________ ______, and several enzyme. | gastric, hydrochloric acid |
| what enzyme curdles the milk? | rennin |
| What is the enzyme that splits certain fats, while pepsin digests the milk curds fro the rennin? | Lipase |
| What layer of the stomach protects the gastric cells from acid injury? | Mucus layer |
| an excess of acid of a length of time can cause an? | ulcer |
| a peptic ulcer is? | an ulcer in the stomach that is caused by acid |
| The partially digested food in the stomach is changed into semiliquid stated called ______ in 3 to 5 hours | chime |
| liquid passes in the matter of ? | minutes |
| where is the pyloric sphincter located? | at the end of the stomach |
| the pyloric sphincter allows the chyme to spurt through the sphincter into the? | small intestine |
| emesis | vomiting |
| 1 inch in diameter and 20 feet in length | small intestine |
| the small intestine completes the _______ process and absorbs the _____ from the chime. | digestive, nutrients |
| how many sections to the small intestine? | 3 |
| the first and C-shaped and is about 9 inches long. | duodenum |
| the 2nd segment is about 8 feet long in length | jejunum |
| the 3rd is 12 feet long | ileum |
| the jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the _____, it is a fan-shaped fold of tissue that is attached to the posterior abdominal wall. | mesentery |
| which valve allows the chyme to enter the cecum and separates the ileum and cecum? | ileocecal |
| what is the cecum? | it is the first segment of the large intestine |
| largest gland in the body? | liver |
| the liver lies below the diaphragm in the ____ ____ ____ of the abdomen. | URQ |
| The liver secretes _____ and digest _____ | bile, fats |
| the liver also stores ______, a form of glucose. | glycogen |
| the liver performs life-essential service of manufacturing _______, _______ and other substances required for the process of clotting. | fibrinogen and prothrombin |
| liver is also an important storage area for blood and body fluid because of its? | large size |
| the liver receives blood from 2 separate systems. | the arterial and hepatic artery |
| it is a small sac attached to the underside of the liver and its sole purpose is the concentration and storage of bile. | gallbladder |
| gallbladder has 3 ducts, name them. | cystic, hepatic, and common bile |
| the common duct empties the bile directly into the? | duodenum |
| what are cholelithiasis | gallstones |
| surgical removal of gallstone | cholecystectomy |
| yellow discoloration of sclera, mucosa and skin is known as | jaundice |
| lies behind the stomach, is a gland in 2 different ways | pancreas |
| pancreas secrets directly in the bloodstream a substance called? | insulin |
| a vital function of the small intestine | absorption |
| absorption is accomplished through millions of microscopic structures known as _____ | villi |
| 5 feet long, 2 inches in diameter aka the colon, and absorbs the excess liquid from the chyme through capillaries in the lining | large intestine |
| are there villi in the large intestine | nope |
| the colon absorbs water, plus some salts and proteins, are later filtered out of the blood by _____ to be eliminated in the urine | kidneys |
| remaining fibrous waste are formed into semisolid feces to be eliminated through the ? | rectum |
| when material leaves the ileum, it enters the | cecum |
| the large intestine are divided into | ascending, transverse and descending sections |
| the rectum is ___ to ___ inches long | 6 to 8 inches |
| the _____ canal is a narrow passageway about 1 inch long, extending from the rectum to the _____ | anal, anus |
| both ends of the anal canal are controlled by | sphincter muscle |
| Localized infection is a collection of educate in the soft tissue adjacent to the anus or rectum. S/S thrombing, painful lump, which makes sitting and coughing very uncomfortable | Anorectal abscess and fistula |
| What is appendicitis and what is the treatment? | Inflamed appendix. Surgical removal (appendectomy) |
| Chronic disease of the liver. | Cirrhosis |
| inflammation of the colon | colitis |
| malignancy of the colon or rectum | colorectal |
| an artificial opening of he colon, allowing fecal material to be excreted from the body through the abdominal wall | colostomy |
| flatus | gas |
| a condition of sluggish bowel action | constipation |
| an inflammation of any portion of the GI tract | Crohn's Disease |
| a condition of repeated frequent, liquid stools | diarrhea |
| is the presence of bulging pouches in the wall of the GI tract where the lining has pushed into the surrounding muscle | Diverticulosis |
| crack or tear in the lining of the anus | anal fissure |
| an inflammation of the stomach and intestines | gastroenteritis |
| a backflow of gastric | gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
| the veins become dilated in anus and or rectum | hemorrhoids |
| inflammation and infection of the liver, has different types | hepatitis |
| the protrusion of an internal organ | hernia |
| the surgical opening of the ileum allows chyme of the small intestine to empty through the abdominal wall | ileostomy |
| chronic diarrhea and altering constipation | IBS |
| physiologic intestinal obstruction | paralytic ileus |
| an encircled lesion in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, duodenum, or jejunum | peptic ulcer |
| a mass of tissue | polyp |
| itching of the area surrounding the anus, often associated with irritation and burning | pruritus ani |
| a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, which interferes with the stomach | |
| exam to view the entire large intestine using a flexible fiberoptic scope | colonoscopy |
| Radiologic studies of the GI tract | Gastrointestinal series |
| when esophagus is in question, pt. may have to drink radiopaque liquid called | barium swallow |
| viewing of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum though a flexible scoped that is lighted by fiberoptics | gastroscopy |
| scanning structures, such as the liver or spleen, made possible by radioactive materials | nuclear medicine studye |
| exam of the lower rectum and anal canal | proctoscopy |
| exam to view the lower portion of the sigmoid and rectum | sigmioidoscopy |
Created by:
bpstears
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