Chapters 4&5
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| Tissues are | Groups of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities
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| Intracellular Junctions | Connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membrane or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells
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| Tight Junctions | Found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells
- They keep materials form leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder
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| Adherens Junctions | Make an adhesion belt that keeps tissue form separating as they stretch and contract
- Cadherin is a glycoprotein that forms a belt-like Plaque
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| Desmosomes | Act as a spot weld, they use cadherin glycoprotiens to hook into the cytoplasm
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| Gap Junctions | Pores that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells
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| The 4 Basic Tissues | - Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
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| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surface and form glands and line hollow organ, body cavities, and ducts
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| Connective Tissue (C.T.) | Protect, support, and bind organs
- Fat is a type of CT that stores energy
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| Muscular Tissue | Generate the y physical force needed to make body structures move
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| Nervous Tissue | Detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses
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| Epithelium is used for? | - Line surfaces and form protective barriers
- Secrete mucous, hormones
All have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface
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| The basal layer of the epithelium secretes a? | Basal lamina
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| Squamous | Fat, wide "paving stone" cells
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| Cuboidal | Cells as tall as they are wide
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| Columnar | Cells taller than they are wide
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| Simple | One layer. All the cells in contact with basement membrane
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| Pseudostratified | Appears to have layers but in reality all cells go form the apex to the base
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| Stratified | 2 or more layers. Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Composed of a single layer of fat cells
Found in:
- Air sacs of lungs
- Lining of blood vessels
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Forms a single layer of column-like cells
- Cilia
-Microvilli
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are various depths, in reality, call cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells
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| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Is very rare
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| Transitional Epithelium | Change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue
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| Connective Tissue | The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, they are also the most heterogenous of the the tissue types
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| Collagen | The main protein in CT and the most abundant protein in the body making up about 25% of total protein content
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| All CT Share a Common Theme | - Sparse cells
- Surrounded by and extracellular matrix
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| Fibroblasts | The most numerous cell of connective tissue. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers)
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| Chondrocytes | Make the various cartilagious CT
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| Adipocytes | CT that store triglycerides
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| Osteocytes | CT that make bone
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| CT cells secrete 3 common fibers | - Collagen
- Elastin
- Reticular
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| Classification of Embryonic connective tissue | - Mesenchyme
- Mucous connective tissue
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| Classification of Mature connective tissue | - Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
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| Mesenchyme | Give rise to all other connective tissues
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| Mucous CT | (Wharton's Jelly) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells
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| Areolar Connective Tissue | A loose connective tissue, is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types
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| Adipose Tissue | A loos connective tissue, is located in the subcutaneous layer deep in the skin around organs and joints
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| Reticular Connective Tissue | A loose connective tissue, is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells
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| Dense irregular connective tissue | A dense connective tissue, consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged
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| Dense regular connective tissue | A dense connective tissue,copprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory
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| Elastic Connective tissue | A dense connective tissue, consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers
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| Cartilage | A tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured of inflamed, repair is slow
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| Hyaline cartilage | The most abundant type of cartilage, it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx
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| Firbrocartilage | With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage
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| Elastic Cartilage | Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers
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| Neurons and Muscle fibers | Are considered excitable cells
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| Epithelial Membrane | The simplest organs in the body, constructed of ONLY epithelium and a little bit of connective tissue
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| Epithelial membrane is comprised of? | Epithelium + Connective tissue
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| Mucous Membrane | Line the "interior" body surfaces open to the outside
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| Serous Membrane | Line some internal surfaces
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| Synovial membranes | Enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only
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| Epithelial Glands | Another example of simple organs
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| Exocrine Glands | Secrete substances through ducts to the surface of the skin or into the lumen of a hollow organ
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| Merocrine | Secretion of the most common manner of secretion
- the gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged
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| Apocrine Glands | Bud their secretions off though the plasma membrane, producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland
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| Holocrine Secretions | Produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell
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| Parenchymal Cells | Cells of an organ consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ
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| Stroma Cells | Cells of the stroma are everything else connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
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| Besides protection the skin contributes to | - Regulation of body temp.
- Sensory perceptions
-Synthesis of Vit. D
- Emotional expression
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| 3 Layers of Skin | -Epidermis
-Dermis
-Hypodermis (subQ)
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| The epidermis is composed of? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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| Keratinocytes | Make up 90% of the cells, they produce keratin
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| Melanocytes | Produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation
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| Langerhans Cells | Are macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow. They are involved in immune response
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| Merkel Cells | Function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs
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| Stratum Basale | Or stratum germinativum is always the bottom (deepest) layer, continuous cell division occurs here and produces all the other layers
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| Stratum Spinosum | A layer of 8-10 keratinocytes
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| Stratum granulosum | The 3rd layer, are filled with granules of keratin
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| Stratum Lucidum | The 4th layer but us only present in the thick skin
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| Stratum Corneum | Is always the outermost, composed of approximately 20 layers of flat cell-remnants
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| Keratinization | Is the process of replacing viable cells in the stratum basale with more and more of the waxy keratin protein as cells move from the deepest layer to the surface layer
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| Thin (hairy) skin | Covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
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| Thick (hairless) skin | Covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles
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| Melanin | Produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
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| Nevi | (birthmarks or moles) are chronic lesions of the skin-they are by definition benign
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| Vitiligo | Is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin
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| Albinism | is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin
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| Reticular region | Consists of dense irregular connective tissue contaning collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, subaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
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| Lines of cleavage | Tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers
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| Subcutaneous Layer | Also known as the hypodermis, is attached to the skin in underlying tissues and organs
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| Epidermis (multi layers) | Resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues
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| Dermis (multi layers) | Provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration
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| Superficially (Sensory Receptors) | Merkel discs, free nerve endings, meissner corpuscles, and hairy root plexuses
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| Deep | Pacininan corpuscles
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| Lanugo hair | Fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus
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| Vellus hairs | short, fine, pale hairs barley visible to the naked eye
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| Terminal hairs | Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
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| Subaceous (oil) glands | Are connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum
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| Eccrine sweat glands | The most numerous, they secrete a watery solution that helps to cool the body and eliminates small amounts of waste
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| Apocrine sweat glands | Are located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions. They secrete a slightly viscous sweat
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| Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to | An emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment
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| Aprocrine sweat glands release sweat in response to | Emotional stress and sexual excitement
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| Ceruminous glands | Are modified sweat glands located in the ear canal
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| Nails | Composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells
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| Nail Structure | - Fee edge
- Transparent nail body
- Nail root embedded in a fold of skin
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| 2 Kinds of wound healing? | - Epidermal wound healing
- Deep wound healing
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| Epidermal wound healing | occurs following superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis
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| Deep wound healing | Occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer
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| Burns | Tissue damage caused by excessive heat
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| First-degree burn | involves only the epidermis
-no blistering (sunburn)
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| Second-degree burn | destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis, with some skin functions lost
-Redness, blister formation,edema
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| Third-degree burn | Is a full thickness burn, destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.
-Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb
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| Major 3 degree burn | 10% of body surface
-Also any 3rd burn on the face, hands, feet , or perineum
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| Major 2 degree burn | 25% of body surface
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| Victims normally die after percent of the body is burnt | 70%
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| Aging | -wrinkles develop
-dehydragtion and cracking occurs
-sweat production increases
-gray hair and skin pigmentation
-subcutaneous fat is lost
-nails may also become more brittle
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