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A&P Exam 2
Chapters 4&5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissues are | Groups of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities |
| Intracellular Junctions | Connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membrane or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells |
| Tight Junctions | Found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells - They keep materials form leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder |
| Adherens Junctions | Make an adhesion belt that keeps tissue form separating as they stretch and contract - Cadherin is a glycoprotein that forms a belt-like Plaque |
| Desmosomes | Act as a spot weld, they use cadherin glycoprotiens to hook into the cytoplasm |
| Gap Junctions | Pores that allow small substances like ions to pass between cells |
| The 4 Basic Tissues | - Epithelial Tissue - Connective Tissue - Muscular Tissue - Nervous Tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surface and form glands and line hollow organ, body cavities, and ducts |
| Connective Tissue (C.T.) | Protect, support, and bind organs - Fat is a type of CT that stores energy |
| Muscular Tissue | Generate the y physical force needed to make body structures move |
| Nervous Tissue | Detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses |
| Epithelium is used for? | - Line surfaces and form protective barriers - Secrete mucous, hormones All have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface |
| The basal layer of the epithelium secretes a? | Basal lamina |
| Squamous | Fat, wide "paving stone" cells |
| Cuboidal | Cells as tall as they are wide |
| Columnar | Cells taller than they are wide |
| Simple | One layer. All the cells in contact with basement membrane |
| Pseudostratified | Appears to have layers but in reality all cells go form the apex to the base |
| Stratified | 2 or more layers. Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Composed of a single layer of fat cells Found in: - Air sacs of lungs - Lining of blood vessels |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Forms a single layer of column-like cells - Cilia -Microvilli |
| Pseudostratified Epithelium | appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are various depths, in reality, call cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Is very rare |
| Transitional Epithelium | Change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue |
| Connective Tissue | The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, they are also the most heterogenous of the the tissue types |
| Collagen | The main protein in CT and the most abundant protein in the body making up about 25% of total protein content |
| All CT Share a Common Theme | - Sparse cells - Surrounded by and extracellular matrix |
| Fibroblasts | The most numerous cell of connective tissue. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers) |
| Chondrocytes | Make the various cartilagious CT |
| Adipocytes | CT that store triglycerides |
| Osteocytes | CT that make bone |
| CT cells secrete 3 common fibers | - Collagen - Elastin - Reticular |
| Classification of Embryonic connective tissue | - Mesenchyme - Mucous connective tissue |
| Classification of Mature connective tissue | - Loose connective tissue - Dense connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Blood |
| Mesenchyme | Give rise to all other connective tissues |
| Mucous CT | (Wharton's Jelly) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cells |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | A loose connective tissue, is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types |
| Adipose Tissue | A loos connective tissue, is located in the subcutaneous layer deep in the skin around organs and joints |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | A loose connective tissue, is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells |
| Dense irregular connective tissue | A dense connective tissue, consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged |
| Dense regular connective tissue | A dense connective tissue,copprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory |
| Elastic Connective tissue | A dense connective tissue, consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers |
| Cartilage | A tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured of inflamed, repair is slow |
| Hyaline cartilage | The most abundant type of cartilage, it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx |
| Firbrocartilage | With its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage |
| Elastic Cartilage | Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers |
| Neurons and Muscle fibers | Are considered excitable cells |
| Epithelial Membrane | The simplest organs in the body, constructed of ONLY epithelium and a little bit of connective tissue |
| Epithelial membrane is comprised of? | Epithelium + Connective tissue |
| Mucous Membrane | Line the "interior" body surfaces open to the outside |
| Serous Membrane | Line some internal surfaces |
| Synovial membranes | Enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue only |
| Epithelial Glands | Another example of simple organs |
| Exocrine Glands | Secrete substances through ducts to the surface of the skin or into the lumen of a hollow organ |
| Merocrine | Secretion of the most common manner of secretion - the gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged |
| Apocrine Glands | Bud their secretions off though the plasma membrane, producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland |
| Holocrine Secretions | Produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell |
| Parenchymal Cells | Cells of an organ consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ |
| Stroma Cells | Cells of the stroma are everything else connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves |
| Besides protection the skin contributes to | - Regulation of body temp. - Sensory perceptions -Synthesis of Vit. D - Emotional expression |
| 3 Layers of Skin | -Epidermis -Dermis -Hypodermis (subQ) |
| The epidermis is composed of? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Keratinocytes | Make up 90% of the cells, they produce keratin |
| Melanocytes | Produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation |
| Langerhans Cells | Are macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow. They are involved in immune response |
| Merkel Cells | Function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs |
| Stratum Basale | Or stratum germinativum is always the bottom (deepest) layer, continuous cell division occurs here and produces all the other layers |
| Stratum Spinosum | A layer of 8-10 keratinocytes |
| Stratum granulosum | The 3rd layer, are filled with granules of keratin |
| Stratum Lucidum | The 4th layer but us only present in the thick skin |
| Stratum Corneum | Is always the outermost, composed of approximately 20 layers of flat cell-remnants |
| Keratinization | Is the process of replacing viable cells in the stratum basale with more and more of the waxy keratin protein as cells move from the deepest layer to the surface layer |
| Thin (hairy) skin | Covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles |
| Thick (hairless) skin | Covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles |
| Melanin | Produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale |
| Nevi | (birthmarks or moles) are chronic lesions of the skin-they are by definition benign |
| Vitiligo | Is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin |
| Albinism | is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin |
| Reticular region | Consists of dense irregular connective tissue contaning collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, subaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
| Lines of cleavage | Tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers |
| Subcutaneous Layer | Also known as the hypodermis, is attached to the skin in underlying tissues and organs |
| Epidermis (multi layers) | Resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues |
| Dermis (multi layers) | Provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration |
| Superficially (Sensory Receptors) | Merkel discs, free nerve endings, meissner corpuscles, and hairy root plexuses |
| Deep | Pacininan corpuscles |
| Lanugo hair | Fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus |
| Vellus hairs | short, fine, pale hairs barley visible to the naked eye |
| Terminal hairs | Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs |
| Subaceous (oil) glands | Are connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum |
| Eccrine sweat glands | The most numerous, they secrete a watery solution that helps to cool the body and eliminates small amounts of waste |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Are located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions. They secrete a slightly viscous sweat |
| Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to | An emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment |
| Aprocrine sweat glands release sweat in response to | Emotional stress and sexual excitement |
| Ceruminous glands | Are modified sweat glands located in the ear canal |
| Nails | Composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells |
| Nail Structure | - Fee edge - Transparent nail body - Nail root embedded in a fold of skin |
| 2 Kinds of wound healing? | - Epidermal wound healing - Deep wound healing |
| Epidermal wound healing | occurs following superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis |
| Deep wound healing | Occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer |
| Burns | Tissue damage caused by excessive heat |
| First-degree burn | involves only the epidermis -no blistering (sunburn) |
| Second-degree burn | destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis, with some skin functions lost -Redness, blister formation,edema |
| Third-degree burn | Is a full thickness burn, destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. -Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb |
| Major 3 degree burn | 10% of body surface -Also any 3rd burn on the face, hands, feet , or perineum |
| Major 2 degree burn | 25% of body surface |
| Victims normally die after percent of the body is burnt | 70% |
| Aging | -wrinkles develop -dehydragtion and cracking occurs -sweat production increases -gray hair and skin pigmentation -subcutaneous fat is lost -nails may also become more brittle |
Created by:
jforv
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