Ch. 1-5 Medical Terms
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| prefix | -the beginning of some words
-one letter or a group of letters
-precedes a root to give it a different meaning
-can have more than one meaning
-never requires a combining vowel
-can have two prefixes in an occasional medical term
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| root | the foundation of the rood that provides its meaning
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| combining vowel | vowel that joins a root to another root or to a suffix
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| combining form | combination of a root and a combining vowel
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| suffix | the ending of some words
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| ROOT functions | -the constant unchanging foundation of a medical term
-usually of greek or latin origin
-one or more is found in most medical terms
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| combining vowel functions | -has no meaning of its own
-joins a root to another root
-joins root to suffix
-makes word easier to pronounce
-"o" the most common combining vowel, next is "a"
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| combining form functions | -combines a root and a combining vowel
-can be attached to another root or combining form
-can precede a suffix
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| combining form examples | 1. cardi/o
2. gynec/o
3. respir/a
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| patient (greek/latin form) | an old english term meaning to suffer or undergo; the term refers to a person who is under medical or surgical treatment
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| medical (greek/latin form) | from a latin term meaning to heal; it means pertaining to the practice of medicine
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| breath (greek/latin form) | an old english word meaning a single cycle of inhaling and exhaling
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| mucus (greek/latin form) | a latin word for a clear sticky secretion
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| knee (greek/latin form) | an old english word meaning an angular shape; today its referred to the joint (a latin word for junction) between the upper and lower leg
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| quadrant (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning a quarter. the abdomen is divided into four quadrants by horizontal and vertical planes that intersect at the umbilicus, which is a latin word for navel or belly button.
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| record (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning to remember. A medical record is a written account of a patient's medical history
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| care (greek/latin form) | an old english word meaning to worry. when you care for your patients you look after them and are concerned about them.
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| specialist (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning of a given species. a specialist devotes professional attention to a particular subject area.
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| apex (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning tip or summit (as in mount everest); the apex of the heart is the downward pointing tip of the cone-shaped heart.
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| patent (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning open or exposed; a patent blood vessel is open to the circulation of free flowing blood.
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| toxin (greek/latin form) | a greek word meaning poison; a toxin is a poisonous substance formed by a cell, such as a bacterium.
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| lymph (greek/latin form) | a latin word meaning clear spring water; lymph is a clear, shimmering fluid collected from the body tissues
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| breech (greek/latin form) | an old english word meaning buttocks; in obstetrics, a fetus is in a breech presentation when the buttocks, rather than the head, are the presenting part of delivery.
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| terms that are alike: illum and illeum | - a bone in the pelvis
- a segment of the small intestine
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| terms that are alike: ureter and urethra | - the tube from the kidney to the bladder
- the tube from the bladder from the outside
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| terms that are alike: trapezius and trapezium | - a muscle in the back
- a bone in the wrist
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| terms that are alike: malleus and malleolus | - a small bone in the middle ear
- a bony protuberance at the ankle
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| terms that are alike: neurology and urology | -the study of diseases of the nervous system
-the study of diseases of the kidney and bladder
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| diagnostic suffix: -oma hematoma | -tumor, mass
- the collection of blood in a tissue
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| diagnostic suffix: -uria hematuria | -urine
-blood in the urine
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| diagnostic suffix: -dialysis hemodialysis | -to separate
- removal of excess waste materials from blood
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| diagnostic suffix: -chezia hematochezia | -pass a stool
-passage of a bloody stool
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| diagnostic suffix: -crit hematocrit | -to separate
-percentage of red blood cells in the blood
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| diagnostic suffix: -gram cardiogram | - record
-record derived from the heart
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| diagnostic suffix: -graph cardiograph | -instrument for recording
-instrument for recording the heart
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| diagnostic suffix: -lysis hemolysis | -destruction
-destruction of red blood cells
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| diagnostic suffix: -philia hemophilia | -attraction
-an inherited blood disease
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| diagnostic suffix: -ptysis hemoptysis | -spit
-cough up bloody sputum
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| diagnostic suffix: -rrhage hemorrhage | -to flow profusely
-to bleed profusely
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| diagnostic suffix: -rrhoid hemorrhoid | -to flow
- painful anal swelling of venous blood
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| surgical suffix: -centesis arthrocentesis | -surgical puncture
-surgical puncture of a joint space with a needle
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| surgical suffix: -desis arthrodesis | -fixation
-surgical binding together of the bones of a joint
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| surgical suffix: -ectomy appendectomy | -surgical removal
-surgical removal of appendix
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| surgical suffix: -plasty rhinoplasty | -surgical repair
-surgical repair of nose
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| surgical suffix: -rrhaphy herniorrhapy | -surgical structure
-surgical structure of a hernia
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| surgical suffix: -stomy tracheostomy | -surgical formation of an opening
-surgical formation of an artificial opening into the trachea into which a tube is inserted
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| surgical suffix: -tomy tracheotomy | -surgical incision
-surgical incision into the trachea to enable a tracheostomy to be inserted
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| surgical suffix: -tripsy lithotripsy | -crushing
-crushing of a stone ex: in the ureters
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| pathological suffix: -algia arthralgia | -pain
-pain in the joints
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| pathological suffix: -ectasis bronchiectasis | -dilation
-chronic dilation of bronchi
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| pathological suffix: -edema lymphedema | -accumulation of fluid and tissues
-swelling in tissues as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels
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| pathological suffix: -emesis hematemesis | -vomiting
-vomiting of blood
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| pathological suffix: -genesis osteogenesis | -form, produce
-formation of new bone
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| pathological suffix: -itis cystitis | -inflammation
-inflammation of urinary bladder
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| pathological suffix: -oma hematoma | -tumor, mass
-mass of blood leaked outside blood vessels into tissues
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| pathological suffix: -osis cyanosis | -abnormal condition
-dark blue coloration of blood due to lack of oxygen
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| pathological suffix: -pathy neuropathy | -disease
-any disease of the nervous system
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| pathological suffix: -penia erythropenia | -deficiency or lack of
-decrease of red blood cells
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| pathological suffix: -phobia agoraphobia | -fear of
-an unfounded fear of public places that arouses a state of panic
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| pathological suffix: -stenosis arteriostenosis | -narrowing
-abnormal narrowing of an artery
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| adjectival suffixes: -ac, -ary, -ior, -al, -ale, -alis, -ar, -aris, -atic, -active, -eal, -ent, -etic, -ial, -ic, -lca, -lcal, -lne, -iosum, -ious, -istic, -ius, -nic, -ous, -tic, -tiz, -tous, -us | pertaining to
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| noun suffix: -iatry psychiatry | -treatments, medical specialty
-diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
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| noun suffix: -ician pediatrician | -expert, specialist
-medical specialist in childrens development and disorders
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| noun suffix: -icle ossicle | -small, minute
-small bone, relating to the three small bones in the middle ear
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| noun suffix: -ist dentist | -expert, specialist
-specialist in disorders of the orofacial complex
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| noun suffix: -istry dentristy | -medical speciality
-speciality in disorders of the orofacial complex
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| noun suffix: -ole arteriole | -small minute
-small artery
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| noun suffix: -ule venule | -small, minute
-small vein
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| position prefix: ante- antevert | -before, forward
-to tilt forward, as a uterus can
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| position prefix: anti- antibiotic | -against
-an agent that can destroy bacteria in other microorganisms
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| position prefix: circum- circumcision | -around
-to cut around the penis to remove the foreskin
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| position prefix: endo- endocrine | -inside, inner
-a gland that secretes directly into the blood
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| position prefix: epi- epidermis | -above, over, upon
-top layer of skin
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| position prefix: exo- exocrine | -outside, outward
-a gland that excretes outwardly through ducts
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| position prefix: hyper- hypertrophy | -above, excessive
-increase in size
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| position prefix: hypo- hypodermis | -below
-tissue layer below the top layer of the skin
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| position prefix: inter- intercostal | -between
-space between two ribs
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| position prefix: intra- intradermal | -inside, within
-within the skin
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| position prefix: para- paranoid | -adjacent, alongside
-having delusions of persecution
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| position prefix: peri- perinatal | -around
-around the time of birth
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| position prefix: post- postnatal | -after
-after the time of birth
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| position prefix: pre- prenatal | -before
-before the time of birth
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| position prefix: retro- retrovert | -backward
-to tilt backward, as a uterus can
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| position prefix: supra- suprapubic | -above, excessive
-above the pubic bone
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| position prefix: trans- transdermal | -across, through
-going across or through the skin
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| position prefix: ultra- ultrasound | -higher, beyond
-very high-frequency sound waves
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| measurement prefix: bi- bilateral | -two, twice, double
- on two sides of the body
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| measurement prefix: brady- bradycardia | -slow
-slow heart rate
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| measurement prefix: di- diplegia | -two
-paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body
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| measurement prefix: eu- eupnea | -normal
-normal breathing
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| measurement prefix: hemi- hemiparasis | -half
-weakness of one side of the body
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| measurement prefix: macro- macrocyte | -large
-large red blood cell
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| measurement prefix: micro- microcyte | -small
-small red blood cell
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| measurement prefix: mono- monocyte | -single, one
-white blood cell with a single nucleus
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| measurement prefix: multi- multipara | -many
-a woman who has given birth at least twice
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| measurement prefix: pan- pancytopenia | -all
-deficiency of all types of blood cells
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| measurement prefix: poly- polyuria | -excessive
-excessive production of urine
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| measurement prefix: primi- primipara | -first
-a woman who has given birth for the first time
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| measurement prefix: quadri- quadriplegia | -four
-paralysis of all four limbs
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| measurement prefix: tachy- tachycardia | -rapid
-rapid heart rate
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| measurement prefix: tri- tricuspid | -three
-having three points, a tricuspid heart valve has three flaps
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| measurement prefix: uni- unipolar | -single, one
-depression
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| directional prefix: ab- abduction | -away from
-action of moving away from the midline
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| directional prefix: ad- adduction | -towards
-action of moving toward midline
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| directional prefix: ante- antevert | -coming before, in front of
-to tilt foward
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| directional prefix: sub- subdural | -under
-in the space under the dura mater
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| directional prefix: syn- synapse | - coming together
-junction between two nerve cells
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| singular and plural endings: -a -ae | -axilla
-axillae
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| singular and plural endings: -ax -aces | -thorax
-thoraces
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| singular and plural endings: -en -ina | -lumen
-lumina
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| singular and plural endings: -ex -ices | -cortex
cortices
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| singular and plural endings: -is -es | -diagnosis
-diagnoses
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| singular and plural endings: -is -ides | -epididymis
-epididymides
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| singular and plural endings: -ix -ices | -appendix
-appendices
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| singular and plural endings: -ma -mata | -carcinoma
-carcinomata
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| singular and plural endings: -on -a | -ganglion
-ganglia
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| singular and plural endings: -um -a | -septum
-septa
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| singular and plural endings: -us -era | -viscus
-viscera
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| singular and plural endings: -us -i | -villus
-villi
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| singular and plural endings: -us -ora | -corpus
-corpora
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| singular and plural endings: -ex -ges | -phalanx
-phalanges
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| singular and plural endings: -y -ies | -ovary
-ovaries
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| singular and plural endings: -yx -ices | -calyx
-calices
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| word analysis and definition: abdomen abdominal | root: (abdomin-abdomen)
-the part of the trunk that lies between the thorax and the pelvis
-pertaining to the abdomen
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| word analysis and definition: colic colicky | root: (col-colon)
-pertaining to the colon
-pain in the colon
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| word analysis and definition: costovertebral | root: (cost/o- rib) (vertebr- spine)
-pertaining to the rib and spine
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| word analysis and definition: hypertension hypotension | root: (tens- pressure)
-persistent high arterial blood pressure
-persistent low arterial blood pressure
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| word analysis and definition: radiopaque | root: (radi/o-radiation)
-impenetrable by x-rays or other forms of radiation
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| word analysis and definition: ureter | -tube that connects the kidney to urinary bladder
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| word analysis and definition: urethra | -canal leading from the urinary bladder to the outside
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| atom | -a small unit of matter
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| blastocyst | root: (blast/o- immature cell)
-first two weeks of the developing embryo
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| cell cellular cytology | root: (cellul- small cell)
root: (cyt/o- cell)
-smallest unit capable of independent existence
-pertaining to a cell
-study of cell
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| fertilization fertilize | root: (fertiliz- to bear)
-union of male sperm and female egg
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| holistic | root: (holist- whole)
-pertaining to the care of the whole person in physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions.
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| molecule molecular | root: (molec- mass)
-very small particle consisting of two or more atoms held tightly together
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| oocyte | root: (cyte- cell) (o/o-egg)
-female egg cell
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| organ organelle | root: (organ-organ)
-structure with specific functions in a body system
-part of a cell having a specialized function(s)
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| tissue | -collection of similar cells
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| vitro in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
-process of combining sperm and egg in a laboratory dish and placing resulting embryos inside a uterus
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| zygote | -cell resulting from the union of the sperm and egg
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| basic function of life: | -manufacture of proteins and lipids
-production and use of energy
-communication with other cells
-replication of DNA
-reproduction
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| organelle examples: | nucleolus, nucleus (the largest organelle), E.R., ribosomes, golgi complex or apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria
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| chromatin | root: (chromat-color)
-substance composed of DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
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| cytoplasm | -clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell except for the nucleus
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| chromosome | root: (chrom/o- color)
-body in the nucleus that contains DNA and genes
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| DNA | -source of hereditary characterisitcs found in chromosomes
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| electrolyte | root: (electr/o- electric)
-substance that, when dissolved in a suitable medium, forms electrically charged particles
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| hormone hormonal | -chemical formed in one tissue or organ and carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit or function of another tissue or organ
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| intracellular | root: (cellul- small cell)
-within the cell
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| membrane membranous | -thin layer of tissue covering a structure or cavity
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| metabolism metabolic | root: (metabol- change)
-the constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell
-pertaining to metabolism
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| mitochondrion mitochondria | root: (mit/o- thread) (chondr/o- cartilage, rib, granule)
-organelle that generates, stores, and releases energy for cell activities
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| nucleus nuclear | root: (nucle- nucleus)
-functional center of cell structure
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| nucleolus | root: (nucle/o- nucleus)
-small mass within the nucleus
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| steroid steroidal | root: (ster- solid)
-large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components
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| anabollism | root: (anabol-build up)
-the build up of complex substances in the cell form simpler ones as a part of metabolism
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| carbohydrates | root: (carb/o- carbon) (hydr- water)
-a group of organic food compounds that includes sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose
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| catabolism | root: (catabol- breakdown)
- breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as a part of metabolism
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| lysosome | root: (lys/o- decompose)
-enzyme that digest foreign material and worn out cell components
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| protein | root: (prot/e- first)
-class of food substances based on amino acids
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| ribosomes | root: (rib/o- like a rib)
-structure in the cell that assembles amino acids into proteins
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| connective tissue | -bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat
-distributed throughout body; for example, in blood, bone, cartilidge, and fat
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| epithelial tissue | -protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete
-cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, composed glands
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| muscle tissue | -movement
-attached to bones, and the walls of hollow internal organs, and in the heart
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| nervous tissue | -transmit impulses for coordination, sensory reception, motor actions
-brain, spinal cord, nerves
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| anterior | root: (anter- before, front part)
- front surface of body; situated in front
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| collateral | root: (later- side)
-situated at the side; having an excessory function
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| coordinate coordination | root: (ordin- arrange)
-to bring together different structures into a harmonious function
-the harmonious function of interrelated strucutres
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| cruciate | -shaped like a cross
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| epithelium epithelial | root: (thel/i- nipple)
-tissue that covers surfaces or lines cavities
-pertaining to epithelium
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| excrete excretion | -to pass waste products of metabolism out of the body
-removal of waste products of metabolism out of the body
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| graft | -transplantation of living tissue
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| histology histologist | root: (hist/o- tissue)
-structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs
-specialist in the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs
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| ligament | - band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
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| medial | - near to the middle of body
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| meniscus menisci | -disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint; for example in the knee joint
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| muscle | - a tissue consisting of contractile cells
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| patella | -thin, circular bone in front of the knee joint that is embedded in the patellar tendon, also called the knee cap.
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| secrete secretion | -to produce a chemical substance in a cell and release it from the cell
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| articulate articulation | -to form a joint so as to allow movement
-joint formed to allow movement
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| capsule capsular | root: (caps- box)
-fibrous tissue layer surrounding a joint or some other structure
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| cartilage | -nonvascular form, connective tissue found mostly in joints
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| collagen | root: (coll/a- glue)
-major protein of connective tissue, cartilage and bone
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| fibroblast | root: (blast- germ cell) (fibr/o- fiber)
-cell that forms collagen fibers
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| matrix | -substance that surrounds cells, manufactured by cells, and holds them together
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| nutrient | root: nutri- nourish
-a substance and food required for normal physiologic function
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| osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte | root: (blast- germ cell) (oste/o- bone)
-bone-forming cell
-bone-removing cell
-bone-maintaining cell
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| periosteum | root: (oste- bone)
-fibrous membrane covering the bone
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| synovial | root: (ov/i- egg)
-pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane
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| tendon | -fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
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| organ systems: integumentary | -skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
-protect tissues, regulate body temp., support sensory receptors
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| organ systems: skeletal | -bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons
-provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts
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| organ systems: muscular | -muscles
-cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat
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| organ systems: nervous | -brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
-detect changes, receive and interpret sensory info., stimulate muscle and glands
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| organ systems: endocrine | -glands that secrete hormones; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus
-control metabolic activities of organs and structures
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| organ systems: cardiovascular | -heart, blood cells
-move blood and transport substances throughout the body
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| organ systems: lymphatic | -lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen
-return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend body against infection
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| organ systems: digestive | -mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
-receive, break down, and absorb food, eliminate unabsorbed material
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| organ systems: respiratory | -nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
-control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and blood
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| organ systems: urinary | -kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-remove waste from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine
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| organ systems: reproductive (male) | -male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis
-produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract, secrete male hormones
🗑
|
||||
| organ systems: reproductive (female | -female: ovaries, uterine, (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
- produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, function in birth process, secrete female hormones
🗑
|
||||
| homeostasis | root: (home/o- the same)
-stability or equilibrium of a system or the body's internal environment
🗑
|
||||
| hypertrophy | root: (trophy- development)
-increase in size, but not in number, of an individual tissue element
🗑
|
||||
| integrate integration | root: (integr- whole)
-to bring together into a complete inharmonious whole
🗑
|
||||
| organ | -structure with specific functions in a body system
🗑
|
||||
| parkinson disease | -disease of muscular rigidity, tremors, and a mask-like facial expression
🗑
|
||||
| posture | -the carriage of the body as a whole and the position of the limbs
🗑
|
||||
| septicemia | root: (septic- infected)
-microorganisms circulating in and infecting the blood (blood poisoning)
🗑
|
||||
| spastic spasticity | root: (spast- tight)
-increase muscle tone on movement with exaggeration of the tendon reflexes
-the condition or state of increased muscle tone on movement
🗑
|
||||
| tracheostomy | root: (trache/o- windpipe)
-the incision into the windpipe, usually so that a tube can be inserted to assist breathing
🗑
|
||||
| urinary | root: (urin- urine)
- pertaining to urine
🗑
|
||||
| anatomy anatomic | root: (tom- section)
-study of structure of the human body
-pertaining to anatomy
🗑
|
||||
| anterior | root: (anter- coming before)
-front surface of body situated in front
🗑
|
||||
| caudal | root: (caud- tale)
-pertaining to or near to the tale
🗑
|
||||
| cephalic | root: (cephal- head)
-pertaining to or near to the head
🗑
|
||||
| coronal | root: (coron- crown)
-pertaining to the vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
🗑
|
||||
| distal | root: (dist- away from center)
-situated away from the center of the body
🗑
|
||||
| dorsal | root: (dors- back)
-pertaining to the back or situated behind
🗑
|
||||
| frontal | root: (front- front)
-in front; relating to the anterior part of the body
🗑
|
||||
| inferior | root: (infer- below)
-situated below
🗑
|
||||
| posterior | root: (poster- coming behind)
-pertaining to the back surface of the body; situated behind
🗑
|
||||
| prone | -lying face down, flat on your abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| proximal | root: (proxim- nearest)
-situated nearest center of the body
🗑
|
||||
| sagittal | root: (sagitt- arrow)
-pertaining to the vertical plane through the body, dividing into left and right portions
🗑
|
||||
| superior | root: (super- above)
-situated above
🗑
|
||||
| supine | -lying face up, flat on your spine
🗑
|
||||
| transverse | -pertaining to the horizontal plane, dividing the body into upper and lower portions
🗑
|
||||
| ventral | root: ventr- belly
-pertaining to the abdomen or situated near the surface of the abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| cranial cavity | contains the brain within the skull
🗑
|
||||
| thoracic cavity | contains the heart, lungs, thymus glad, trachea, and esophagus, as well as numerous blood vessels and nerves
🗑
|
||||
| abdominal cavity | is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| pelvic cavity | surrounded by pelvic bones and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, the rectum, the anus, and the internal reproductive organs
🗑
|
||||
| spinal cavity | contains the spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity collectively
🗑
|
||||
| cavity cavities | hollow space or body compartment
🗑
|
||||
| diaphragm | the musculomembranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
🗑
|
||||
| epigastric epigastrium | root: (gastr/i-stomach)
-pertaining to the abdominal region above the stomach
-abdominal region above the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| hypogastric | -pertaining to the abdominal region below the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| quadrant | one-quarter of a circle
🗑
|
||||
| umbilical umbilicus | root: (umbilic- belly button)
-pertaining to or around the umbilicus or the center of the abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| alimentary canal | -mouth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, pharynx, and stomach
root: (aliment-nourishment)
-pertaining to the digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| accessory organs of digestion include: | teeth, salivary glands, gallbladder, tongue, liver, and pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| bariatric | root: (bari- weight)
-treatment of obesity
🗑
|
||||
| digestion digestive | root: (digest- to break down)
-breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism
-pertaining to digestion
🗑
|
||||
| esophagus | -tube linking pharynx and stomach
🗑
|
||||
| gastric | root: (gast/r- stomach)
-pertaining to the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| gastroenterology gastroenterologist gastrointestinal | root: (enter/o- intestine)
-medical speciality of the stomach and intestines
-medical specialist in gastroenterology
-pertaining to the stomach and intestines
🗑
|
||||
| intestines intestinal | root: (intestin- intestin or gut)
-the digestive tube from stomach to anus
🗑
|
||||
| laparoscopy laparoscope laparscopic | root: (lapar/o- abdomen in general)
-examination of the contents of the abdomen using and endoscope
-instrument used for viewing the abdominal contents
-pertaining to a larparoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| lymph lymphatic | root: (lymph- lymph)
-a clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by vessels to venous circulation
-pertaining to lymph
🗑
|
||||
| mouth | external opening of a cavity or canal
🗑
|
||||
| Roux-en-Y | surgical procedure to reduce the size of the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| transcript transcription transcriptionist | root: (script- writing, thing copied)
-an exact copy or reproduction
-the action of making a copy of dictated material
-one who makes a copy of dictated material
🗑
|
||||
| propulsion | the mechanical movement of food from the mouth to the anus
🗑
|
||||
| absorption absorb | uptake of nutrients and water by cells in the GI tract
🗑
|
||||
| amylase | root: (amyl- starch)
-one of a group of enzymes that break down starch
🗑
|
||||
| bolus | single mass of substance
🗑
|
||||
| deglutition | root: deglutit- to swallow
-the act of swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| elimination | root: (elimin- throw away)
-removal of waste material from the digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| ingestion | root: (ingest- carry in)
-intake of food, either by mouth or through a nasogastric tube
🗑
|
||||
| lipase | root: (lip-fat)
enzyme that breaks down fat
🗑
|
||||
| nasogastric | root: (nas/o- nose)
-pertaining to nose and stomach
🗑
|
||||
| parastalsis | root: stalsis- constrict
-waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of elementary canal wall to move food along the digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| protease | root: prot/e-protein)
-group of enzymes that break down protein
🗑
|
||||
| secrete secretion | -to release or give off, as substances produced by cells
🗑
|
||||
| segment segmental | root: (segment- section)
-section of an organ or structure
-pertaining to a segment
🗑
|
||||
| abbreviations | CMA- certified medical assistant
ESR- erythocyte sedimentation rate
SSA- syndrome antibodies A
SSB-syndrome antibodies B
WBS-white blood cell
🗑
|
||||
| buccinator | root: (buccin- the cheek)
-the muscle in the cheek
🗑
|
||||
| enzyme | root: (zyne- fermenting, enzyme)
-protein that induces changes in other substances
🗑
|
||||
| gingivitis | root: (gingiv- gums)
-inflammation of the gums
🗑
|
||||
| masticate mastication | root: (mastic- chew)
- to chew
🗑
|
||||
| oral | root: (or- mouth)
pertaining to the mouth
🗑
|
||||
| palate | -roof of the mouth
🗑
|
||||
| papilla papillae | -any small projection
🗑
|
||||
| Sjogren syndrome | autoimmune disease that attacks the glands that produce saliva and tears
🗑
|
||||
| taste | sensation from chemicals on the taste buds
🗑
|
||||
| tongue | mobile muscle mass in mouth; bears the taste buds
🗑
|
||||
| ulcer and ulceration | root: (ulcer- meaning a sore)
-erosion of an area of skin or mucosa
-formation of an ulcer
🗑
|
||||
| uvula | fleshy projection of the soft palate
🗑
|
||||
| bicuspid (also called premolar) | root: (cusp- point)
-having two points; a bicuspid (premolar) tooth has two points
🗑
|
||||
| crown | -part of the tooth above the gum
🗑
|
||||
| cuspid | -tooth with one point
🗑
|
||||
| dentin (dentine) | root: (dent-tooth)
-dense, ivory-like substance located under the enamel in the tooth
🗑
|
||||
| enamel | -hard substance covering a tooth
🗑
|
||||
| incisor | chisel-shaped tooth
🗑
|
||||
| lysozyme | root: (lys/o- dissolve)
-enzyme that dissolves the cells walls of bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| molar | one of six teeth in each jaw that grind food
🗑
|
||||
| parotid | root: (ot- ear)
-parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear
🗑
|
||||
| pulp | dental pulp is the connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth
🗑
|
||||
| root | fundamental or beginning part of the structure
🗑
|
||||
| saliva salivary | root: (saliv- saliva)
-secretion in mouth from salivary glands
🗑
|
||||
| sublingual | root: (lingu- tongue)
-underneath the tongue
🗑
|
||||
| submandibular | root: (mandibul- the jaw)
-underneath the mandible
🗑
|
||||
| symptom symptomatic | -departure from the normal experienced by a patient
-pertaining to the symptoms of a disease
🗑
|
||||
| aphthous ulcer | painful small oral ulcer
🗑
|
||||
| canker/ canker sore | nonmedical term for aphthous ulcer
🗑
|
||||
| caries | bacterial destruction of teeth
🗑
|
||||
| gingiva gingival gingivitis gingivectomy | -tissue surrounding teeth and covering the jaw
-pertaining to the gums
-inflammation of the gums
-surgical removal of diseased gum tissue
🗑
|
||||
| glossodynia | root: (gloss/o- tongue)
-painful, burning of tongue
🗑
|
||||
| halitosis | root: (halit- breath)
-bad odor of breath
🗑
|
||||
| leukoplakia | root: (leuk/o- white) (plak- plate, plaque)
-white patch on oral mucous membrane, often precancerous
🗑
|
||||
| periodontal periodontics periodontist periodontitis | root: (odont- tooth)
-around a tooth
-branch of dentistry specializing in disorders around the teeth
-specialist in periodontics
-inflammation of tissues around tooth
🗑
|
||||
| plaque | patch of abnormal tissue
🗑
|
||||
| pyorrhea | root: (py/o-pus)
purulent discharge
🗑
|
||||
| tartar (dental calculus | calcified deposit at gingival margin of teeth
🗑
|
||||
| thrush | infection with candida albicans
🗑
|
||||
| deglutition | the act of swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| dysphagia | root: (phagia- swallowing)
-difficulty in swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| emesis hematemesis | root: (eme-to vomit) (hemat-blood)
-vomiting
-vomiting of red blood
🗑
|
||||
| epiglottis | root: (glottis- windpipe)
-leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| esophagus esophageal esophagitis | -tube linking pharynx and stomach
-pertaining to the esophagus
-inflammation of the lining of esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| hernia herniorrhaphy herniate | root: (herni/o- hernia)
-protusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it
-repair of a hernia
-to protrude
🗑
|
||||
| hiatus hiatal | root: (hiat- aperture)
-an opening through a structure
-pertaining to an opening through a structure
🗑
|
||||
| larynx | -organ of voice production
🗑
|
||||
| nasopharynx | root: (nas/o-nose) (pharynx-throat)
-region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
🗑
|
||||
| oropharynx | root: (or/o-mouth)
-region at back of mouth between soft palate and the tip of the epiglottis
🗑
|
||||
| pharynx | air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx
🗑
|
||||
| postprandial | root: (prand-meal)
following a meal
🗑
|
||||
| relfux | root: (flux-flow)
-backward flow
🗑
|
||||
| regurgitation | root: (gurgit-flood)
-expelling contents of the stomach into the mouth, short of vomitting
🗑
|
||||
| trachea | -air tube from larynx to the bronchi
🗑
|
||||
| varix varices varicose | -dilated, tortuous vein
-characterized by or affected with varices
🗑
|
||||
| chyme | -semifluid, partially digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| dehydration | (hydr- water)
-process of losing body water
🗑
|
||||
| duodenum duodenal | (duoden-latin for twelve)
-first part of small intestine; approx. 12- finger breadths (9-10 inches) in length
-pertaining to the duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| fundus fundic | (fund-bottom)
-the portion of the stomach that lies above the entrance of the esophagus
-pertaining to the fundus
🗑
|
||||
| gastrin | -hormones secreted in the stomach that stimulates secretion of HCL and increases gastric motility
🗑
|
||||
| hydrochloric acid (HCL) | (chlor-green)
-the acid of gastric juice
🗑
|
||||
| intrinsic factor | (intrins- on the inside) (factor-maker)
-substance secreted by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B-12
🗑
|
||||
| malabsorption | (absorpt- to swallow)
-inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| mucus mucous mucin | (muc-mucus)
-sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes
-relation to mucus or mucosa
-protein element of mucus
🗑
|
||||
| pepsin pepsinogen | (pepsin/o-pepsin)
-enzyme produceded by stomach that breaks down protein
-enzyme converted by HCL in stomach to pepsin
🗑
|
||||
| pylorus pyloric | (pylor-gate)
-exit area of the stomach, proximal to the duodenum
-pertaining to pylorus
🗑
|
||||
| anorexia | (orex- appetite)
-severe lack of appetite; or an aversion to food
🗑
|
||||
| antacid | agent that neutralizes acidity
🗑
|
||||
| dyspepsia | (peps-digestion)
-"upset stomach," epigastric pain, nausea, gas
🗑
|
||||
| erosion | -a shallow ulcer in a lining of a structure
🗑
|
||||
| gastritis | inflammation of the lining of the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| gastroesophageal | pertaining to the stomach and esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| gastroscope | endoscope for examining the inside of a stomach
🗑
|
||||
| peptic | (pept- digest)
-relating to the stomach and duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| perforation | (perforat-bore through)
-erosion that progresses to become a hole through the wall of a structure
🗑
|
||||
| proton pump inhibitor (PPI) | (proton-first) (inhibit-repress)
-agent that blocks production of gastric acid
🗑
|
||||
| resection resect | (sect- cut off)
-removal of a specific part of an organ or structure
🗑
|
||||
| vagus | tenth (X) cranial nerve; supplies many different organs throughout body
🗑
|
||||
| cecum | blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| ileum ileocecal | (ile/o-ilium) (cec-cecum)
-third portion of the small intestine
-pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum
🗑
|
||||
| jejunum jejunal | segment of small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum where most of the nutrients are absorbed
🗑
|
||||
| mesentary mesentric | root: (entary- intestine)
-a double layer of peritoneum enclosing the abdominal viscera
-pertaining to the mesentary
🗑
|
||||
| mucosa mucosal | -lining of tubular structure
-pertaining to the mucosa
🗑
|
||||
| muscularis | the muscular layer of a hollow organ or tube
🗑
|
||||
| omentum omental | -membrane that drapes over intestines
-pertaining to the omentum
🗑
|
||||
| pancreas | -lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| peritoneum peritoneal | membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
-
🗑
|
||||
| plica plicae | fold in the mucous membrane
🗑
|
||||
| serosa serosal | -outer most covering of the alimentary tract
🗑
|
||||
| submucosa | (mucosa- lining of the cavity)
-tissue layer underneath the mucosa
🗑
|
||||
| villus villi | -thin, hairlike projection, particularly of a mucous membrane lining a cavity
🗑
|
||||
| viscus (means something sticky) viscera visceral | -hollow, walled, internal organ
-internal organs, particularly in the abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| celiac celiac disease | (celi- abdomen) (ease- normal function)
-relating to the abdominal cavity
-disease caused by a sensitivity to gluten
🗑
|
||||
| gastroenteritis | -inflammation of the stomach and the intestines
🗑
|
||||
| Giardia | -parasite that can affect the small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| ileus | -dynamic or mechanical obstruction of the small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| intussusception | (suspect- to take up)
-the slippage of one part of the bowel inside, another, causing obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| bile bile acids biliary | -fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum
-steroids synthesized from cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| bilirubin | bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| cholesterol | (chol/e-bile)
-steroid formed in liver cells; the most abundant steroid in tissues, which circulates in the plasma attached to proteins of different densities
🗑
|
||||
| emulsify emulsion | (emuls- suspend in a liquid)
-break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution
🗑
|
||||
| gallstone | (gall-bile) (stone- pebble)
-hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and bilirubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct
🗑
|
||||
| gluconeogenesis | (neo-new)
-formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
🗑
|
||||
| glycogen | the body's principle carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| hepatic hepatitis | (hepat- liver)
-pertaining to liver
-inflammation of liver
🗑
|
||||
| liver | body's largest internal organ, located in right upper quadrant of abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| Murphy sign | Tenderness in the right subcostal area on inspiration, associated with acute cholecystitis
🗑
|
||||
| portal vein provisional diagnosis (preliminary diagnosis) | (provision- provide)
-the vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver
-a temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing
🗑
|
||||
| alanine aminotransferase (ATL) amiotransferase (AST) aspartate | (amin/o-nitrogen compound) (tranfer-carry) (aspartate-amino acid)
-enzymes that are found in liver cells and leak out into the blood stream when the cells are damaged enabling liver damage to be diagnosed
-a salt of aspartic acid
🗑
|
||||
| ascites | (asc-belly)
-accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| cholestatic | (stat-standing still) (chol/e-bile)
-stopping the flow of bile
🗑
|
||||
| cirrhosis | (cirrh-yellow)
-extensive fibrotic liver disease
🗑
|
||||
| hemochromatosis | (chromat-color) (hemo-blood)
-dangerously high levels of iron in the body with deposition of iron pigments in tissues
🗑
|
||||
| phosphatase | (phosphat- phosphorus)
-enzyme that liberates phosphorus
🗑
|
||||
| acinar cells | (acin-grape)
-enzyme-secreting cells of the pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| carboxypeptidase | (carboxy-group of organic compounts (peptid-digestion)
-enzyme that breaks down protien
🗑
|
||||
| disaccharide | (sacchar-sugar)
-combination of two monosacchrides
🗑
|
||||
| endocrine gland | (crine-secrete)
-a gland that produces an internal or hormonal and secretes into the blood stream
🗑
|
||||
| exocrine gland | -a gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts
🗑
|
||||
| fatty acid | -acid obtained from the hydrolysis of fats
🗑
|
||||
| islet cells | -hormones secreting cells of the pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| monoglyceride diglyceride triglyceride | -fatty substance with a single fatty acid
-substance with two fatty acids
-subastance with three fatty acids
🗑
|
||||
| pancreas pancreatic pancreatitis | -lobulated gland the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum
-pertaining to the pancreas
-inflammation of the pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| secretin | (secrete-separate)
-hormone produced by duodenum to stimulate pancreatic juice
🗑
|
||||
| trypsin chymotrypsin | (tryps-friction) (chym/o-chyme)
-enzyme that breaks down protein
-trypsin found in chyme
🗑
|
||||
| amino acid | (amin/o- nitrogen compound)
-the basic building block of a protein
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrate | -group of organic food compound that includes sugars, starch. glycogen, cellulose
🗑
|
||||
| chyle | - a milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorbtion of the fats in the small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| lacteal | (lact/e-milk)
-a lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine
🗑
|
||||
| lipid | -general term for all type of fatty compounds for example cholesterol, triglycerides and fatty acids
🗑
|
||||
| mineral | (miner-minds)
-inorganic compound usually found in earth's crust
🗑
|
||||
| protein | -class of food substances based on amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| celiac celiac disease | (abdomen)
-relating to abdominal cavity
-disease caused by sensitivity to gluten
🗑
|
||||
| constipation | (constip- press together)
-hard, infrequent bowel movements
🗑
|
||||
| crohn disease (region enteritis) | -inflammatory bowel disease with narrowing and thickening of the terminal small bowel
🗑
|
||||
| diarrhea | (rrhea- to flow and discharge)
-abnormally frequent and loose stool
🗑
|
||||
| dysentery | (entery- intestine)
-disease with diarrhea, bowel spasms, fever, and dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| enteroscope enteroscopy | -slender, tubular instrument with light source and camera to visualize the digestive tract
-the examination of the lining of the digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| gluten | insoluble protein found in wheat, barley, and oats
🗑
|
||||
| intolerance | inability of small intestine to digest and dispose of a particular dietary constituent
🗑
|
||||
| lactose lactase | (lact- milk)
disaccharide found in cow's milk
-enzyme that breaks down lactose to glucose and galactose
🗑
|
||||
| neuropathy | (neuro- nerve)
-any disease of the nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| anus anal | -terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged
🗑
|
||||
| appendix appendectomy vermiform appendicitis | -small blind projection from the pouch of the cecum
-surgical removal of the appendix
-worm shaped; used as a descriptor for the appendix
-inflammation of the appendix
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| colon colic colitis | -the large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum
-spasmodic, crampy pains in the abdomen
-inflammation of the colon
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| feces fecal defecation defecate | (fec- Feces) (de- from, out of)
-undigested, waste material discharged from the bowel
-pertaining to the feces
-evacuation to feces from rectum to anus
-process of defecation
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| flatus flatulence flatulent | (flatul- excessive gas)
-gas or air expelled through the anus
-excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines
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| flexure | a bend in the structure
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| gastrocolic reflex | (reflex- bend back)
-mass movement of feces in the colon and the desire to defecate caused by taking food into stomach
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| ileocecal sphincter | -band of muscle that encircles the junction of the ileum and cecum
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| perimeter | an edge or border
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| rectum rectal | -terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal
-
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| sigmoid | -sigmoid colon is shaped like an "S"
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| bowel | another name for intestine
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| diverticulum diverticula diverticulosis diverticulitis | (diverticul- byroad)
-a pouchlike opening or sac from a tubular structure
-presence of a number of small pouches in the wall of the larch intestine
-inflammation of the diverticula
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| fissure | deep furrow or cleft
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| fistula | abnormal passage
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| hemorrhoid hemorrhoids hemorrhoidectomy | -dilated rectal vein producing painful anal swelling
-surgical removal of hemorrhoids
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| intussusception | (suspect- to take up)
-the slipping of one part of bowel inside another to cause obstruction
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| lumen | the interior space of a tubelike structure
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| McBurney point | one-third the distance from the anterior superior illiac spine to the umbilicus
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| metastasis metastases | (stasis- placement)
-spread of a disease from one part of the body to another
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| peritoneum peritoneal peritonitis | periton/e- stretch over
-membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
-pertaining to the peritoneum
-inflammation of the peritoneum
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| polyp polyposis polypectomy | -mass of tissue that projects into the lumen of the bowel
-presence of several polyps
-excision of removal of polyp
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| precancerous | lesion from which a cancer can develop
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| proctitis | (proct- anus and rectum)
-inflammation of lining of rectum
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| ulcerative | (ulcer-sore)
marked by an ulcer or ulcers
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| anastomosis anastomoses | (anastom- joint together)
-a surgically made union between two tubular structures
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| coagulate | (coagul- clotting)
-form of a clot
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| endoscope endoscopic endoscopy anoscopy colonoscopy gastroscopy | -instrument for examining inside of a tubular or hollow organ
-pertaining to use of endoscope
-the use of an endoscope
-endoscopic examination of the anus
-examination of inside of colon by endoscopy
-endoscopic examination of the stomach
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| ileoscopy panendoscopy proctoscopy sigmoidscopy | -endoscopic examination of the ileum
-examination of inside the esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum
-examination of inside of anus and rectum
- endoscopic exam of sigmoid colon
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| enema | an injection of fluid into rectum
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| hematochezia | the passage of red, bloody stools
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| melena | the passage of black, tarry stools
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| occult | -not visible on surface
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| ostomy colostomy ileostomy | -surgery to create an artificial opening into a tubular structure
-artificial opening from colon to outside of body
-artificial opening from ileum to outside of body
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| stoma | -artificial opening
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|
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