Renaissance
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| What years did the renaissance happen | 1375 - 1527
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| From what crises was europe recovering during the late middle ages | recovering from losses in population bc of black death and political crisis of uncentralized monarchies
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| What place did the vernacular have in general communication? | used to communicate literature and politics
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| what impact did imported american gold and silver have on science, military, and economics | it spurred scientific invention, new weapons industry, African slave trade
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| what did Buckhardt argue about the renaissance? | that it was a period the gave new importance to science + secular values and individualism where rational thought instead of religious
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| list 4 main characteristics of renaissance europe | *transition from medieval to modern times, centralized govs, economy based on commerce, people/gov control culture
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| what made italy geographically unique | natural gateway between east and west
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| what happened to italian city states in 13th and 14th centuries? | became powerful bc of trade and eventually controlled rest of italy
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| How did merchant oligarchies become strengthened? | warfare between pope's forces and emperor's forces weakened both groups, allowing oligarchies to seize power
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| Name the 5 major competitive states in Italy | Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal states, kingdom of naples
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| What was the ciompi revolt | uprising of poor in florence (feud between old rich and new rich, anarchy after black death, collapse of banking houses)
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| Why did the cities develop despotisms? *tyrannical rule | social strife + competition for political power caused it
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| Who ruled venice? | mechant oligarchy made of a patrician senate a and a juficical body called council of 10
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| describe 4 distincive rivaling social classes in florence | grandi (rich nobles + merchants), popolo grosso (newly rich merhants), middle burgher (small business people), popolo minuto (poor)
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| Who was Cosimo de Medici? | wealthiest florentine statesman who controlled the city by secretly controlling the signoria
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| define signoria | governing council of powerful men representing different guilds
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| what was the podesta? | despot whose main job was to maintain law + prder in city so business could continue
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| what were condottieri? | military brokers who provided the despot with mercenary armies
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| what elements of society promoted renaissance culture? | despots, republicans, secularized popes because they all wanted to increase reputation
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| what was the main ingredient for patronage | great wealth
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| define humanism | scholarly study of latin/greek classics both for its own sake + to revive ancient values
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| how did scholastics differ from humanists | scholastics believed in tradition and authority, humanists classical and more open minded
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| who is francisco petrarch and what did he write | father of humanism, (letters to the ancient dead, love sonnets)
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| Who was dante alighieri | early humanist whose writings helped form italian vernacular literature
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| Who wrote the decameron? what was it about | giovanni boccaccio, effects of black death in florence
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| what was the goal of humanist studies | to acquire wisdom and move others to desire it
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| what should a successful courtier be like and who created this idea? | one who has knowledge of ancient languages, military, athletics, music, has high moral character. created by casatiglione in book of courtier
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| Christine de Pisan = | italian noblewoman who wrote treasure of the city of ladies which listed accomplishmnets of women in history
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| What was the florentine academy? | gathering of florentine humanists who studied works of plato
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| why was platonism appealing to humanists | it flattered human nature, emphasized eternal reasoning and morals talked about eternal sphere of being
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| What is the oration on the dignity of man? | famous introduction to pico's (humanist) other writing that talks about human nature + how humans have freedom to be powerful or poor
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| how did humanists become critics of tradition | guided by historical texts + scholarly ideals that conflcted with traditional bodies like church
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| why was valla popular among protestants | his expose on the Donation of constantine and his defense of predestination against free will supporters
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| what great protestant reformer was influenced by humanists? | martin luther
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| according to humanists, what is the purpose of education/civic humanism | to promote individual virtue and public service
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| how was idea of civic humanism used in florence | 3 humanist chancellors used rhetorical skills to rally florentines against naples + milan
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| what are the 2 sides of humanism | deep scholarship and practical politics
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| why did the laity takeon a leading role in education, culture and religion | the church lost power during late m ages. more educated lay, more in gov
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| what timeframe is considered the high renaissance | 1450-1527
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| how did ren art differ from medieval art | focused on natural world
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| what is chiascuro and linear perspective | SHADING, asdjusting size to look more realsitic
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| who is giotto and what did he do | father of renaissance painting, painted a more natural world
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| what made da vinci a true renaissance man | "the universal person" had many skill sets
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| Which work of art is considered a perfect example of renaissance art | school of athens by raphael
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| which work of art by michaelangelo considered perfect harmony | david
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| what did pope julius II commision micheaelangelo to paint | frescoes in vaticans sistine chapel
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| what is mannerism | style of art more complex than high ren with more abnormalities, more freedom to artist
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| what caused demand for slaves to soar | black death reduced labor supply
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| how common were slaves | very common in every household
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| What was the treaty of lodi | italian treaty that brought milan and naples into alliance with florence so italy could be united against foreign
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| Who was ludovico il Moro? what was his mistake | milanese despot who allied with french against naples, but mistake was that france wanted milan
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| how did charles Viii repond to luduvicos call | fast,
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| what was the league of venice | venice, papal states, french emperor maximilian, ferdinand of aragon, allied these groups against french invasion
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| who was considered the most corrupt pope? | alexander VI, used his papal power to get poltical careers for kids+ secure romagna
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| why was julius ii known as warrior pope | very secular + military papacy
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| how did erasmus portray Julius II | mocked him in satire julius exculded fROM heaveN
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| what were julius;s main accomplisments | drove venetians out of romagna , helped form 2nd holy league, drove france out of italy
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| what did the concordat of bologna grant francis I | control over the french clergy in exchange for saying the pope was more poweful than church councils
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| what was the result of concordat? | set stage for habsburg valois wars
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| who was machiavelli? what did he believe | italian humanist who said rulers should be harsh and ruthless
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| what did machiavelli say was answer to italy's problems | to stop fighting + unite italy
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| what is virtu | ability to make heroic decisions for good of people
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| who did machiavelli write prince for? | lorenzo de medici
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| what happened to gov after 1450 | fuedal monarchies -> centralized monarchies
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| who allied with king | towns
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| how did warfare change in 15 and a16th centuries | armies became national/professional, used artillery
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| what was the taille | french tax on peasantry
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| what were 2 cornerstones of french nation building in 15th centry | collapse of english empire after 100 years war, defeat of burgundy
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| strong nation is a 2 edged sword meaning? | nation can harm others and itself as welll; france became too powerful
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| what unified spain | marriage between isabella and ferdinand
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| what were isabella and ferdinand;s main accomplishments | subdued nobility, secured borders, military conquests, christianized spain
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| what made spain a dominant power in 16th century | anti french marriage alliances
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| what was the war of roses who on | conflict between rival branches of english royal families yorks and and lancasters over who should get throne; lancasters
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| what dynasty dominated england | tudor dynasty
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| how did henry vii unite england | brought rival royal famlies together through marriage
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| what was the golden bull? | agreement btwn german territories + emperor that established 7 member electoral college that elected emperor
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| what was the reichstag | imperial diet that had more rep for small cities to stop fueding
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| how did northern humanism connect to reformation | created climate favorable to relgious and education reforms taht the reformation promoted
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| what was the distinctive culture of norhtern humanists | diverse backgrounds, wrote for laypeople, anti church
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| what is necessary for kingdom to be properly goverened | for officials to be educated
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| significance of printing press | more educated lay people, spreads ideas, harder for church to influence,
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| What did erasmus aspire to unite? | classsical humanist ideas with pure christian ideals
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| what does the phrase philosophia christi mean | simple, ethical piety in imitation of christ
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| why was the church unhappy with erasmus | unhapy with his improvements on bible
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| who is the father of german humanism | rudolf agricola
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| what was the reuchlin affiar | reuchlin (pro jew christian) was attacked by an anti jew christian. lots of german humanists defended him
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| how did italian learning get to england? | english scholars who took trips to italy
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| who is the best known english humanist, what did he write | thomas more, wrote utopia
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| how did italian learning spread to france | french invasions in italy
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| how did spanish humanism differ from eng/french/german | it promoted strict catholicism
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| why did henry the navigator from portugal explore the african coast | wanted gold + spices + spread christianity
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| what was the financial center of europe prior to exploring | venice, it had access
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| waht did columbus voyage mark beginning of | more than 3 centuries of spanish emprei in americas
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| what did conquests of aztecs and incas have in common? | small, armed forces take huge empires, marked beginning of transformation of S Am into latin america
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| WHAT DID ROMAN catholic priests hope to do in america | convert natives to christianity
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| who was bartolome de las casas | dominican clergyman who criticized spanish treatment of natives in black legend
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| what were the 3 major parts of colonial ecnomy in latin america | mining, agriculture, shipping
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| what was the hacienda | large estate owned by spanish people
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| what is encomienda system | grant to the right to the labor of specific #natives for a period of time
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| define repartimiento | labor tax that required adult male indians to work for a spanish business for some days each yr
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| what happened to the native population of new spain? | died from european viruses
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| impact of spices and precious metals on europe | rise in prices and coinage --> inflation
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| what did new wealth allow gov to do? | sponser basic research in printing, shipping, mining
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| how did social divisions indirectly prepare way for reformation | made people criticize tradition and be more open to new ideas
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