Anatomy Landmarks EXAM 1
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| Head of humerus | Articulates with the glenoid fossa
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| Anatomical Neck of Humerus | Indistinct area immediately distal to the head
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| Lesser Tubercle of Humerus | Anteriorly, inferior to the head
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| Greater Tubercle of humerus | Large projections lateral to the head
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| Bicipital Groove/Intertubercular Sulcus of humerus | Groove between the tubercles
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| Surgical Neck of Humerus | Indefinite area inferior to the tubercles where the bone narrows (fractures are fairly common here)
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| Deltoid Tuberosity of humerus | On the anterolateral surface, just superior to midshaft
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| Spiral groove/Sulcus of the Radial Nerve of humerus | Shallow groove on the superior posterior surface passing inferiorly from medial to lateral
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| Capitulum of Humerus | Round, anterolateral articulating surface-- articulates with the head of the radius
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| Trochlea of Humerus | Pulley-like medial articulating surface-- articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
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| Radial Fossa of Humerus | Slight depression immediately proximal to the capitulum, on the anterior surface-- receives the head of the radius in forearm flexion
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| Coronoid Fossa of Humerus |
-Depression immediately proximal to the trochlea on the anterior surface*
receives the coronoid process of the ulna in forearm flexion
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| Olecranon Fossa of Humerus |
- Large depression immediately proximal to the trochlea on the posterior surface
- Receives the olecranon process in forearm extension
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| Medial Epicondyle of humerus |
- projection medial to the trochlea
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| Sulcus of Ulnar Nerve of humerus |
- On posterior, inferior surface of the medial epicondyle
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| Lateral Epicondyle of humerus |
- Projection lateral to the capitulum
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| Radius | Lateral bone of the forearm
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| Head of radius | Disk-like proximal end which articulates with the capitulum on its proximal aspect and with the radial notch of the ulna on its medial aspect
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| Neck of Radius | Narrowed region immediately distal to the head
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| Radial Tuberosity of Radius | anterior surface, distal to the neck--- an insertion site for biceps brachii
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| Styloid process of the Radius | Bluntly pointed projection on the lateral, distal surface
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| Ulnar Notch of the Radius | Depression on the medial, distal surface for articulation with the head of the ulna
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| Ulna | medial bone of the forearm
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| Trochlear Notch/Semilunar Notch of the Ulna | Large, anterior proximal indentation--- articulates with the trochlea
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| Olecranon process of the Ulna | Large posterior proximal projection
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| Coronoid Process of the Ulna | Anterior lip of the trochlear notch
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| Radial notch of the Ulna | Indentation on the proximal lateral surface for articulation with the head of the radius
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| Ulnar Tuberosity | at the base of the coronoid process
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| Head of the Ulna | Distal end
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| Styloid process of Ulna | Dorsal medial projection off the head of the ulna
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| # of bones in the skull | 28 bones
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| how many bones in the vertebral column | 26 bones
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| How many ribs do you have? | 24 total bones
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| # of bones in the appendicular skeleton | 126 bones
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| # of total bones in the upper extremity | 64 total bones 32 per side
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| # of total bones in the lower extremity | 62 total bones 31 per side
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| Acetabulum of OS Coxa | Concave lateral articular surface---formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
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| Acetabular Notch | Incomplete wall on the inferior surface of the acetabulum
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| Acetabular Fossa | The rough central area of the acetabulum
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| Lunate surface | Smooth articulating surface on the periphery of the acetabulum
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| Obturator Foramen | Large foramen inferior to the acetabulum---bounded by pubis and ischium
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| Pubis | contributes to the acetabulum
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| Superior Ramus of the Pubis | Extends from body to articulate with the opposite member
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| Inferior Ramus of the Pubis | Inferiorly, from the medial end of the superior ramus
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| Pubic symphysis | Articulation between two pubic bones
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| Pubic Tubercle | Projection on cranial border of the medial portion of the superior ramus
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| Pubic Crest | Medial, from the pubic tubercle to the medial border of the pubis
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| ilium | contributes to the acetabulum
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| Iliac crest | superior margin of the wing
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| Anterior superior Iliac Spine | Anterior terminus of the iliac crest
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| Anterior inferior Iliac spine | On anterior wing, inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine
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| Posterior superior Iliac Spine | Posterior terminus of the iliac crest
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| Posterior inferior Iliac spine | On posterior wing, inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine
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| Greater Sciatic Notch on ilium | Large indentation on the posterior aspect between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine---Involves both the ilium and ischium, but primarily the ilium
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| Iliac Fossa | Inner, slightly concave surface of the wing
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| Auricular Surface of ilium | Posterior "ear shaped" surface which articulates with the sacrum
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| Iliac Tuberosity | Roughed inner area, superior to the auricular surface--- site of ligament attachments
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| Superior Gluteal Line (posterior gluteal line) | Outer surface of the wing, passing posterior from the crest towards the greater sciatic notch
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| Middle Gluteal line (Anterior Gluteal line) | Anterior and inferior to the posterior gluteal line, curving from the anterior aspect toward the greater sciatic notch
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| Inferior Gluteal line | Begins at the notch between the two anterior spines and curves toward the greater sciatic notch
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| Ischium | contributes to the acetabulum
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| Ischial tuberosity | Large posterior, inferior protuberance
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| Ischial Spine | Sharp posterior projection, superior to the ischial tuberosity
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| Lesser sciatic notch | Indentation between the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity
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| Femur | Thigh bone, articulating with the acetabulum
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| Head of Femur | Ball-like articulating surface on proximal end of the bone
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| Fovea Capitis (Fovea of the head of femur) | pit in the head - for attachment of a ligament (ligamentum teres femoris)
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| Neck of Femur | Constriction inferior to the head
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| Greater trochanter | Large lateral projection at the base of the neck
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| Trochanteric Fossa | Depression on the medial side of the greater trochanter
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| Lesser Trochanter | Posterior, medial projection at the base of the neck
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| Intertrochanteric Crest | ridge between the two trochanters on the posterior surface
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| Intertrochanteric Line | Small ridge between the two trochanters on the anterior surface ( for attachment of the iliofemoral ligament)
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| Linea Aspera | Prominent longitudinal ridge on the posterior surface---having a medial and lateral lip
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| Gluteal tuberosity of femur | Roughened area atop the lateral lip of the linea aspera (for the attachment of the gluteus maximus)
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| Popliteal surface of femur | Smooth, triangular area on the posterior distal femur where the lips of linea aspera diverge
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| Medial and lateral Condyles of femur | Distal articulating surfaces
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| Intercondylar fossa | posterior depression between the condyles
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| Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur | Roughed projections on the medial and lateral surfaces of the condyles
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| Adductor tubercle | projection on the medial surface of the medial epicondyle---for the attachment of adductor magnus
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| Patella | bony structure of knee that is embedded in the patellar ligament
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| Tibia | medial bone of the leg
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| Medial and lateral condyles of Tibia | Proximal, expanded ends bearing articular surfaces
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| Tibial tuberosity | Roughened area on the anterior surface inferior to the condyle--- for attachment of the patellar ligament
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| Soleal Line | On superior 1/3 of posterior surface- extends obliquely downward and medial--- for attachment of the soleus
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| Medial malleolus of tibia | Medial projection off the medial end
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| Fibula | lateral (little) bone of the leg
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| Head of fibula | the proximal end of the fibula
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| Styloid process of fibula | pointed apex of the head
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| Lateral malleolus | expanded distal, lateral end
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| Calcaneus | big bone in the ankle know to be in the group called tarsals
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| Sustentaculum Tali | Shelf-like projection on the superior medial aspect---articulates with the talus superiorly
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| Cuboid | tarsal bone in the foot
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| vertebrosternal ribs | ribs (1-7) --- also called true ribs --- articulate with the sternum via the chondral cartillage
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| Vertebrochondral ribs | ribs (8,9,10) --- known as false ribs --- attach indirectly to the sternum
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| Vertebral ribs | ribs (11,12) --- known as floating and false ribs --- not attached anteriorly
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| False ribs | vertebrochondral + vertebral ribs
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| True ribs | vertebrosternal ribs
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| Head of typical rib | has two FACETS for articulation with two vertebral bodies, and CREST for articulation with the intervertebral disc --- posterior
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| Neck of a typical rib | just lateral to the head of the rib
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| Tubercle of a typical rib | has articulating facet for articulation with the transverse process and a non-articulating part where a ligament attaches --- just lateral to the neck
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| Angle of a typical rib | lateral to the tubercle
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| Costal groove of a typical rib | on the inferior, inner aspect shelters intercostal nerve, artery and vein
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| Atypical ribs | Ribs (1,2,11,12)
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| Rib #1 | atypical rib --- has a single facet on the head --- Scalene tubercle --- grooves for subclavian artery and vein
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| Groove for Subclavian artery | on rib #1 --- medial to the groove of the subclavian vein
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| Groove for subclavian vein | on rib # 1 --- lateral to the groove of the subclavian artery
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| Scalene tubercle? | on rib #1
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| Atypical ribs that have only 1 facet | ribs 1, 11, 12
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| Atypical ribs that do not have tubercles | ribs 11, 12
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| Rib #2 | atypical rib --- has a tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle
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| Rib #11 | atypical rib --- has single facet on the head --- no tubercle (does not articulate with transverse process)
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| Rib #12 | atypical rib --- single facet on the head --- no tubercle (does not articulate with transverse process)
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| Sternum | composed of 3 parts Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
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| Manubrium | articulates with the first rib and the clavicle --- has a suprasternal notch/Jugular notch and sternal angle
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| Suprasternal notch/Jugular notch | on the superior surface of the manubrium
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| Sternal angle | junction between the manubrium and the body --- articulates with the 2nd rib
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| Body of the sternum | articulates with the costal cartilage of ribs 3-6
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| Xiphoid process | inferior part of the sternum --- rib #7 articulates with the xiphi-sternal junction
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| xiphi-sternal junction | junction between xiphoid and sternum where rib #7 articulates
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| Identify the landmarks of a typical adult vertebra | body, lamina, pedicle, vertebral arch, Vertebral foramen, superior articulating process, inferior articulating process, inferior vertebral notch, superior vertebral notch, transverse process, spinous process, superior and inferior articulating facet
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| 5 groups of vertebrae (be able to identify them) | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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| transverse foramen | foramen that are just lateral to the vertebral body and anterior to the pedicle
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| Groove for spiral nerve | gutter that the anterior and posterior tubercles create (inside the transverse process)
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| Bifid Spinous process | most posterior projection of the vertebra
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| Anterior tubercle of the transverse process | makes up the anterior part of the "gutter"
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| posterior tubercle of the transverse process | makes up the posterior part of the "gutter"
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| Uncinate processes | also known as the superior lateral lips --- located on the superior body
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| Inferior lips (anterior and posterior) | located on the inferior body
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| Orientation of the intervertebral facets on a cervical vertebra | facing anteriorly and posteriorly
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| Transverse costal facets | facing anteriolateraly on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae
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| superior and inferior costal facets | know as demi facet/full facets --- ???
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| superior/inferior notch on thoracic vertebrae? | inferior notch --- inferior to the pedicle
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| Orientation of intervertebral facets on thoracic vertebra | superior faces posterior and inferior faces anterior
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| Mamillary process | on lumbar vertebrae --- on posterior superior articular process --- multifidis attaches here
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| Accessory process | on lumbar vertebrae --- lateral to the superior articular process and medial to the transverse process --- longissimis muscle attaches here
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| Sacral canal | canal on the posterior side of the sacrum --- anterior to the median sacral crest
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| Sacral hiatus | inferior opening of the sacral canal on the dorsal surface
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| Anterior and posterior (pelvic and dorsal) sacral foramina | foramina on the pelvic and dorsal side of the sacrum --- 8 total
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| Transverse ridges of sacrum | 4 ridges between foramina on the superior (pelvic) side of the sacrum
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| Lateral sacral crest | 2 crests lateral to the foramina on the posterior (dorsal) side
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| Median sacral crest | crest in the median of the sacrum on the posterior (dorsal) side
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| Articular surface of sacrum | articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium
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| Sacral promontory | superior ridge on the pelvic side of the sacrum
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| Superior articular process of the sacrum | projections on the superior dorsal/posterior side of the sacrum
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| coccygeal horn | superior bump on the posterior side
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| Atlas | C1 atypical vertebrae
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| Anterior arch of the atlas | makes up 1/5 of the vertebral arch --- on the anterior side
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| anterior tubercle of the atlas | anterior bump on the anterior arch of the atlas
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| Posterior arch of the atlas | makes up 2/5 of the vertebral arch --- on the posterior side
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| posterior tubercle of the atlas | posterior bump on the posterior arch of the atlas
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| Facet for dens on the atlas | articulates with the dens/odontoid process of the axis --- posterior side of the anterior arch
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| Axis | also called epistropheus --- C2 vertebrae
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| Odontoid process/dens | large process that articulates with the atlas
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| facet for the atlas of the axis | anterior part of the dens/odontoid process
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