Anatomy and physiology
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| Anatomy | is the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs.
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| What does anatomy mean in Greek ? | "to cut up" or "cut open"
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| Gross Anatomy ( microscopic) | the study of the body and its parts visible without the aid of microscope
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| surface anatomy | study of the body and its surface in relation to the underlying structures.
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| developmental anatomy | study of anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood.
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| Physiology | It is the study of the function of the body’s structures (characteristics and mechanisms that make it a living being).
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| Anatomical position |
body is erect, feet together, palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body .
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| Superior | the part is above another or closer to head (cranial/cephalic, rostal ).
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| Inferior: | the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal)
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| Anterior/ventral | the part is towards the front/away from the back
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| posterior/ dorsal | towards the back
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| list the nine body cavities | cranial cavity
Dorsal cavity, spinal cavity, pelvic cavity, Thoracic cavity
Ventral cavity, abdominal cavity, abdominopelvic
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| Anatomical position: medial | relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
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| Anatomical position: lateral | Means towards the side away from the imaginary midline
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| Anatomical position: Ipsilateral | parts on the same side of the body
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| Anatomical position: contralateral | refers to the opposite side
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| Anatomical position: Unilateral | refers to one side of the body (uni meaning one)
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| Anatomical position: bilateral | refers to both sides of the body
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| Anatomical position: proximal | describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part. EX) the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
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| Anatomical position: distal | means that a part of the body is further from the trunk or further from another specified point of reference than another part. EX) the feet are distal to the hip
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| Anatomical position: superficial | located near the surface
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| Anatomical position: deep | is used to describe parts that are located more internal than others
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| Anatomical position: peripheral | toward the outside of the body
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| Anatomical position: central | toward the center of the body
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| Anatomical position: prone | laying face down ( accident prone.. fall face down)
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| Anatomical position: supine | laying face up
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| Plane | is a surface in which if any two points are connected by a straight line , the two points will be wholly in the same space/surface/plane
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| How many different planes are there ? | four: sagittal , frontal, coronal, transverse
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| frontal plane | separates into front and back sections
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| midsagittal plane | separates into equal left and right halves
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| Transverse plane | separates into upper and lower parts
( horizontal)
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| chemical compounds/organelles | structures that are included within the cell
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| Cell | the smallest structural and functional unit of the human body
measured in microns, 100 trillion in the body, shaped differently according to function
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| Tissues | any tissue is formed by a group of cells and the materials surrounding them (matrix, inter-cellular spaces) that work together to form a particular function . muscle, skin or nervous
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| organs | is composed of two or more tissues that work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific functions and specific shapes EX) heart, lung, brain
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| There are how many main types of tissues ? | five: Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Vascular tissue
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| Epithelial Cells | cover the external surface of the body (form the epidermal layer of the skin) form the internal membranes that line the internal viscera.
Line the tubes of the digestive tracts, the genitourinary tract, respiratory tract.
Single layer or many layers
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| Endothelial tissue | a specific type of epithelial tissue that lines the blood vasculature and lympatics forms single layer of flat cells that is fenstrated
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| Mensothelial tissue | form the serous membranes that line the internal body cavities EX) pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity
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| connective tissue (CT) | is formed of cellular component and acellular component which is called intercellular or matrix . CT is divided according to the component of its matrix
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| special types of CT | Cartilage: elastic (epiglottis, ear canal, ET) hyaline (articular surface of bone and lower respiratory T., fibrous (intervertebral discs) Blood: hematopoietic tissue
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| Loose CT | binds parts together, e.g. areolar tissue which forms the bed of different structures such as skin, adipose tissue is areolar tissue rich in fat cells, mainly form the subcutaneous fascia
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| Dense CT | contain either collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
They form tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses and fasciae
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| Bone (osseous) tissue | structurally bone can be spongy "cancellous" or compact "dense" According to the shape there are: long bones (humor, femur), short bones (foot, hands), flat bones (skull, scapula), irregular(hip bones and vertebrae).
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| How is the skeletal system divided ? | axial (vertebral column and connected bones) and appendicular (upper limb, lower limb)
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| what are the different types of muscle tissue? | Straited/skeletal
smooth
cardiac
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| straited/skeletal muscle | voluntary, supplied by spinal/somatic nerves
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| smooth muscles | (non-striated involuntary, visceral): supplied by autonomic nervous system (ANS). Ex: GI muscles
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| cardiac muscle | in the heart (involuntary, striated with branched fibers, intrinsic excitability, supplied by autonomic ANS )
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| nerve tissue | mainly made up by the nerve cells(neurons) and supporting cells(neuroglia) neurons convert stimili to electrical impulses to and from the brain
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| name the organ systems of the body (10) | Integumentary system (skin and its appendages).
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Urinary system
Endocrine system
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| Skeletal system | Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals
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