Anatomy, Support & Movement
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| Which muscle serves to retract and help stabilise the shoulder? A. deltoid B. latissimus dorsi C. trapezius D. pectoralis major E. All options are correct | C. trapezius
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| Which of the following movements is performed by the pectoralis major? A. Elevation B. Arm flexion C. Arm abduction D. Lateral rotation E. Arm extension | B. Arm flexion
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| Which of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff and thus responsible for shoulder rotation? A. teres minor B. supraspinatus C. infraspinatus D. subscapularis E. All options are correct | E. All options are correct
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| Which of the following muscles is responsible for elevation of scapula? A. teres minor B. pectoralis minor C. levator scapulae D. rhomboids E. teres major | C. levator scapulae
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| What type of movement is generated by a muscle originating on scapula and inserting on dorsal aspect of the humerus? A. Retraction of shoulder B. Lateral rotation of arm C. Medial rotation of arm D. Protraction of shoulder E. Elevation of shoulder | B. Lateral rotation of arm
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| What are the main functions of the shoulder muscles? | - Stabilises the pectoral girdle
- Moves the arms
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| Name the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle. | Origin:
- Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line
- External occipital protuberance
- Nuchal ligament
- Spinous processes of C7-T12
Insertion:
- Lateral 1/3 clavicle
- Acromion
- Spine of scapula
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| What movements are generated when the trapezius muscle contracts? | - Elevation and retraction of the shoulders
- Extension of the neck
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| What are the main functions and actions of the levator scapulae? | - Elevates the scapula
- Stabilises the scapula
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| Name the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae. | Origin:
- Posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-C4
Insertion:
- Medial border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine
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| What are the main functions and actions of the rhomboids? | - Retract the scapula
- Rotate the scapula
- Retract/adduct shoulders
- Stabilises the shoulders
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| Name the origin and insertion of the rhomboid minor. | Origin:
- Ligamentum nuchae
- Spinous processes of C7-T1
Insertion:
- Medial border of scapula at root of spine
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| Name the origin and insertion of the rhomboid major. | Origin:
- Spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion:
- Medial border of scapula between root of spine and inferior angle
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| What are the main functions and actions of the pectoralis minor? | - Depresses and protracts (i.e. abducts) the shoulders
- Stabilises scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly
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| Name the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor. | Origin:
- Ribs 3-5 near costal margin
Insertion:
- Corocoid process of scapula
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| What are the main functions and actions of the serratus anterior? | - Protracts scapula
- Rotates scapula
- Stabilises the shoulder
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| Name the origin and insertion of the serratus anterior. | Origin:
- External lateral parts of upper 8 ribs
Insertion:
- Anterior medial border of scapula
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| What are the major shoulder stabiliser muscles? | - trapezius
- levator scapulae
- rhomboids (rhomboid major and rhomboid minor)
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
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| Which muscle is the major arm abductor? | deltoid
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| What are the main actions of the deltoid? (be specific to the fibres) | Anterior fibres:
- Flexes arm at gleno-humeral joint
- Medially rotates arm at gleno-humeral joint
Middle fibres:
- Abducts arm at gleno-humeral joint (after initial 30deg of abduction)
Posterior fibres:
- Extends arm
- Laterally rotates arm
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| Name the origin and insertion of the deltoid. | Origin:
- Lateral 1/3 of clavicle
- Acromion
- Spine of scapula
Insertion:
- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
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| What are the main functions and actions of the supraspinatus? | - Initiates abduction of arm at gleno-humeral joint (initial 30deg of abduction)
- Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
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| Name the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus. | Origin:
- Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion:
- Superior facet of greater tuberosity on humerus
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| What are the main functions and actions of the pectoralis major? | - Adducts humerus at gleno-humeral joint
- Medially rotates humerus at gleno-humeral joint
- Assists in flexion of the arm (e.g. push-up
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| Name the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major. | Origin:
- Clavicular head
* anterior surface of medial 1/2 clavicle
- Sternocostal head
* anterior surface of sternum
* superior 6 costal cartilages
* aponeurosis of external oblique
Insertion:
- Lateral lip of intertubercular groove
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| What are the main actions of the coracobrachialis? | - Flexion of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint
- Adduction of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint
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| Name the origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis | Origin:
- Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion:
- Middle 1/3 of medial surface of humerus opposite to insertion of deltoid tuberosity
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| What are the main actions of the latissimus dorsi? | - Extends humerus at gleno-humeral joint
- Adducts humerus at gleno-humeral joint
- Medially rotates humerus at gleno-humeral joint
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| Name the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi. | Origin:
- Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- Lower 3-4 ribs
- Iliac crest
Insertion:
- Floor of intertubercular groove
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| What are the main functions and actions of the subscapularis? | - Adduction of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint
- Medial rotation of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint
- Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
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| Name the origin and insertion of the subscapularis. | Origin:
- Subscapular fossa
Insertion:
- Lesser tubercle of humerus
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| What are the main actions of the teres major? | - Adducts arm at gleno-humeral joint
- Medially rotates arm at gleno-humeral joint
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| Name the origin and insertion of the teres major. | Origin:
- Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
Insertion
- Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
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| What are the main functions and actions of the infraspinatus? | - Laterally rotates arm at gleno-humeral joint
- Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
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| Name the origin and insertion of the infraspinatus. | Origin:
- Infraspinous fossa
Insertion:
- Middle facet of greater tuberosity
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| What are the main functions and actions of the teres minor? | - Laterally rotates arm at gleno-humeral joint
- Holds head of humerus in glenoid cavity
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| Name the origin and insertion of the teres minor. | Origin:
- Superior lateral border of scapula
Insertion:
- Inferior facet of greater tuberosity of humerus
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| What are the rotator cuff muscles? | - supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
- teres minor
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| What are the rotator cuff muscles responsible for? | Rotation of the shoulder
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| What muscles are responsible for movement of the arm? | - deltoid
- supraspinatus
- pectoralis major
- coracobrachialis
- latissimus dorsi
- subscapularis
- teres major
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
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| What are the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm? | - deltoid
- infraspinatus
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| What are the muscles responsible for adduction of the arm? | - pectoralis major
- latissimus dorsi
- coracobrachialis
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| What muscles generate arm flexion? | - pectoralis major
- coracobrachialis
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| What muscle generates arm extension? | - latissimus dorsi
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| Which rotator cuff muscles cause abduction and medial rotation of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint? | - subscapularis
- supraspinatus
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| Which rotator cuff muscles cause lateral rotation of the arm at the gleno-humeral joint? | - infraspinatus
- teres minor
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| What nerve supplies the trapezius? | spinal accessory nerve
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| What nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi? | thoracodorsal nerve
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| What nerve supplies the rhomboid minor? | dorsal scapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the rhomboid major? | dorsal scapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the levator scapulae? | - dorsal scapular nerve
- cervical nerves
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| What nerve supplies the pectoralis major? | - lateral pectoral nerve
- medial pectoral nerve
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| What nerve supplies the pectoralis minor? | - lateral pectoral nerve
- medial pectoral nerve
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| What nerve supplies the serratus anterior? | long thoracic nerve
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| What nerve supplies the deltoid? | axillary nerve
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| What nerve supplies the teres major? | lower subscapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the subscapularis? | - upper subscapular nerve
- lower subscapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the suprapinatus? | suprascapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the infraspinatus? | suprascapular nerve
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| What nerve supplies the teres minor? | axillary nerve
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| What nerve supplies the coracobrachialis? | musculocutaneous nerve
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