Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 24
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| Urbanization | Rapid population growth, leading to a process of equally rapid building of houses and cities. | This lead to a major growth of inhabitants in Europe which in-turn lead to commercial and industrial centers. | 1500 C.E- 1700 C.E | Chapter 24 | Eastern Europe
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| Joint-Stock Companies | Individuals who invest in a trading or exploring venture, which potentially could make them huge profits with little risk. | Took advantage of extensive communications and transportation networks. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | East Europe
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| Nature of Capitalism | An economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities. | This style of economics led to an expansion and prosperity of jobs and businesses in Eastern Europe | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | East Europe
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| The Putting-Out system | Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. | This system allowed for entrepreneurs to make money by sidestepping guilds and moved production to the countryside. Enabling them make to make products without factories and only paying the workers for their services. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | East Europe
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| Serfdom in Russia | The Romanov tsars restricted the freedoms of most Russian peasants and tied them to land as serfs. The institution of serfdom emerged as a labor system and required semifree peasants to provide labor services for landowners. | This serfdom was significant in the fact it made a new labor system and also lessened the vast population of serfs. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | Eastern Europe/Western Europe
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| The Nuclear Family | Capitalism favored the nuclear family as a principal unit of society. Most European couples married late-mid-twenties- and set up independent households. They became more socially and emotionally independent. | This is significant because it made daily lives change to become more of a family life and capitalism offered opportunities for these independent families to increase their wealth by cultivating agricultural crops or producing goods on the market. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | Europe
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| Profits and Ethics | Medieval theologians had regarded profit making activity as morally dangerous, since profiteers looked to their own advantage rather than the welfare of the larger community. | This made common ground between the different social classes as a way for lower classes to compete with higher classes. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | Europe
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| Supply and Demand | The capitalist economic order developed as businessmen learned to take advantage of market conditions by building efficient networks of transportation and communication. | This development led to businessmen and company owners to wait for the market to be good and wait for a demand of a certain product(that they had)and then sell your product at a higher price value to make more money. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | Europe
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| American Food Crops | Europe was a rapidly expanding population which reflected improved nutrition and decreasing mortality. The Columbian exchange enriched European diets by introducing new foods from America such as the potato, maize, tomatoes, and peppers. | The import of American Food Crops to Europe was essential and necessary so that the European population could live a more sustained lifestyle and have a longer life. They could stay well nourished and resist diseases. | 1500 C.E- 1800 C.E | Chapter 24 | Europe
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| The Ptolemaic Universe | The theory of Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria stressing the universe being composed of a static Earth surrounded vy nine concentric hollow spheres containing the celestial bodies. | The concept of an Earth centered universe appealed to the Church's continued efforts to control the scientific community. | 150 CE to 1600 CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| Planetary Movement | The scientific attempt to explain sporatic planetary behavior when the accepted belief of planets was perfect celestial orbs. | Provided controversy within church accepted knowledge of the universe, which spurred the separation of many astronomers from church beliefs. | 1300 CE to 1600 CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| The Copernican Universe | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus theorized that the Sun was the center of the universe with the planets orbiting, including Earth. | Copernicus's views were a solid threat on current accepted scientific explainations of the universe, also a complete implication that the church was wrong, and that human kind ws not the center of the universe. | 16th Century CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| Galileo Galilei | Italian Astronomer who further supported Copernicus's views, but was able to prove them with his observtions from his telescope. | Solid proof was provided against church teachings and many other institutions. | 1564 CE to 1642 CE | 24 | Italy
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| Isaac Newton | English mathematician who was able to revolutionize the scientific world with steadfast evidense based experminents explaining physics and seemingly unrelated phenomena. | Newton made one of the first solid steps in the scientific revolution, also providing an unshakeable base from which to fight the church and its hegemony of scientific thought. | 1642 CE to 1727 CE | 24 | Great Britain
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| Science and Society | Enlightenment thinkers of the day were collaborating and competing to discover and uncover natural laws that governed Earth and the universe. | The spur in the sides of all of the scientific thinkers greatly diversified the scientific community. | 17th Century CE to 19th Century CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| Voltaire | Francois-Marie Arouet, an enlightenment writer who adopted the pen name Voltaire, championed individual freedom and anti church sentiments. | Continual encouragement from his writings urged the people of Europe to stand up to the church and to literally, "Crush the damned thing." | 1694 CE to 1778 CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| Deism | Agnosticism in conventional christians and enlightenment thinkers; belief in a supreme god, but not the supernatural teachings of the Catholic church. | Redefined God as a diety, rather than a direct influence in life, God was seen to be a creator and than observer. | 16th Century CE to 19th Century CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| The Theory of Progress | The belief that modern science was to make for a better and more liberal society governed by natural laws and not the church. | Spurred a cultural transition that weakened the influence of organized religion and encouraged individual rights and laws. | 1500 CE to 1800 CE | 24 | Western Europe
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| Martin Luther | German writer, monk, university professor and theologian who attacked the sale of indulgences | called for thorough reform of Christendom, created Lutheran church and inspired Protestant movement throughout Germany | 1483-1546 | 24 | Germany
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| Reform Outside Germany | German reformers launched Prot. movements and establ. churches in other lands as well; also, after a conflict witht the Pope who did not allow him to divorce his wife, Henry VIII renounced Catholicism and turned England into a Protestant nation | Prots. appeared in Zurich, Basel, Geneva, Italy, Spain, and England | mid-16th century | 24 | Switzerland, Italy, Spain, England
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| John Calvin | French Lawyer, wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion", developed Calvinism | began reform. in France and Switz., prganized Prot. commun. and local offic. to impose a strict code of morality and discipline on Protestant Geneva | 1509-1564 | 24 | France
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| The Council Of Trent | assmbly of bishops, cardinals, etc. who met to address matters of doctrine and reform; specified Catholic doctrines on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical Scriptures, answered all Protestant disputes | council acknowledged abuses of church and took steps to reform it, demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality | 1545-1563 | 24 | Italy
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| St. Ignatius Loyola | Basque nobleman and soldier, actively fought Protestant Reformation, promoted Counter-Reformation, man of profound prayer and a man of God | founded Society of Jesus after resolving to put his energy into religious work | 1491-1556 | 24 | Spain
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| The Society of Jesus | members were Jesuits, completed rigorous and advanced education in theology, philosophy, classical languages, literature, history, and science | Jesuits made extraordinarily effective missionaries | 1540- | 24 | Italy, China, Japan, Philipinnes, Americas
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| Witch-Hunting | fear that individuals were making alliances with the devil led to a massive hunt for witches | 110,000 individuals underwent trial, 60,000 of them either died by hanging or burned at stake | 16th century | 24 | Europe
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| Religious Wars | religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics led to outright war, violence in France for nearly thirty years | King Phillip II of Spain attempted to force Engl. to return to CAtholic.-sent Armada, effort collapsed and Engl. was victorious | 1562-1598 | 24 | France, Spain, England
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| The Thirty Years' War | Holy Roman emperor attempted to force Bohemians to return to Catholicism, developed into a general war between most European powers, main battleground was Germany | Spain, France, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Bohemia, and Russia had soon entered the battles, escalating the war tremendously; entire regions were devastated by massive foraging armies | 1618-1648 | 24 | war fought mostly in Germany
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| DO NOT DELETE!!! | MITCHEL, IF U DELETE THESE CARDS (AGAIN) U WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR REDOING THEM.- (ATHEER) | (blank) | (blank) | (blank) | (blank)
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| Charles V | N/A | Charles V inherited authority over much of Europe, he came close to reestablishing the Holy Roman Empire but did not succeed. | 1519-1556 | 24 | Europe, Austria
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| The Spanish Inquisition | It was a movement started by Fernando and Isabel, which was designed to root out Islamic, Jewish and Protistant heresy in Spain. | The Spanish Inquisition condemned hundreds of people to burn at the stake or hang form the gallows. | 1478 | 24 | Spain, Iberian Peninsula
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| Constitutional States | A government that has a constitution and recognizes the rights of the individual. | Constitutional states limited the power of monarchs, increased the rights of the individual, strengthened the state, and provided a balanced political framework. | N/A | 24 | Europe
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| The Glorious Revolution | The parliament desposed of King James II and replaced him with William of Orange. William of Orange was was made to work with parliament in government affairs. | This was important because it was the first time a king was forced to work with parliament, this limited the power of the King. | 1688-1689 | 24 | England
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| The Sun King | Louis XIV | Louis XIV built a huge mansion for himself to live in called the Palace of Versailles. To build this he used taxpayers money this angered the people of France increasing tension and leading one step closer to the French Revolution. | 1643-1715 | 24 | France
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| Peter I | Peter the Great | Peter the Great wanted to transform Russia from an agricultural society into a great military power like those of western Europe. Peter I reformed the army, provided them with modern weapons, and had his aristocrats study math and science. | 1682-1725 | 24 | Russia
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| Catherine II | Catherine the Great | Catherine I succeeded Peter I. She divided her empire into 50 administrative districts, worked to improve the economy, and sought to eliminate torture of suspected individuals. | 1762-1796 | 24 | Russia
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| The Peaces of Westaphalia | The Peace of Westaphalia ended the Thirty Years War | the treaty stated that all European states will regard each other a equal, and they had the right to organize their own domestic and religious affairs. | 1648 | 24 | Europe
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