Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 3
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| the study of cellular structure and function is: | cytology
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| cells | the structural and functional and unit of all living matter
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| Cell membrane | separates intracellular (inside the cell) material from extracellular (outside the cell) material
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| when a membrane chooses the substances allowed to cross it the membrane is: | semipermeable
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| nucleus | the control center
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| what surround the nucleus? | nuclear membrane
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| nuclear membrane | double layered wall the contains large pores that allow the free movement of certain substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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| nucleoplasm | a fluid substance the fills the nucleus
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| nucleolus | synthesizes ribosomes that move through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm
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| chromatin | composed mainly of strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the carriers of genetic codes
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| cytoplasm | the "gel in the cell" is found inside the cell but not in the nucleus
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| Cytosol | the intra cellular fluid and is composed primarily of water, electrolytes, proteins, and nutrients
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| organelles | inclusion bodies are temporary structures that appear and disappear they are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm; each organelle has a specific role
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| mitochondria | tiny, slipper-shaped organelles. the number of them per cell varies, depending on the metabolic activity of the cell
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| cristae | inner layer of the mitochondrial membrane
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| Ribosomes | cytoplasmic organelles involved with protein synthesis
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | a network of membranes within the cytoplasm.
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| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | have ribosomes along its surface rough sandpaper-like appearance. primarily concerned w/ protein synthesis
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| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | is primarily involved w/ the synthesis of lipids, steroids, glycerides, and glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells
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| Golgi Apparatus | a series of flattened membranous sacs. proteins synthesized along the RER are transported to the Golgi apparatus through channels formed by the ER. puts the finishing touches on the protein.
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| Lysosomes | membranous sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes
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| cytoskeleton | composed of threadlike structures called microfilaments and microtubules. it helps maintain shape of the cell and assists the cell in various forms of cellular movement.
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| centrioles | are paired, rod-shaped, and short micro-tubular structures that form the spindle apparatus in a dividing cell
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| microvilli | cells that are particularly involved with the movement of large amounts of water and its dissolved solute, the membrane forms accordion like folds
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| cilia | short hair-like projections on the outer surface of the cell membrane. they use wave like movements to move substances across the surface of the cell.
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| Flagella | similar to cilia in that both are hair-like projections of the cell membrane. flagella, however, are thicker, longer, and fewer in number; they help move the cell
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| passive transport | require no additional energy in the form of ATP. mechanisms that move substances cross the membrane include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
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| Active Transport | require an input of energy in the form of ATP.
EXAMPLE: ball moving up a hill
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| Diffusion | the most common transport mechanism. the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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| Equilibrium | the point at which no further net diffusion occurs
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| facilitated diffusion | a form of diffusion that is responsible for the transport of many substances (substances move from a high concentration toward a lower concentration
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| osmosis | a special case of diffusion. the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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| tonicity | the ability of a solution to affect the volume and pressure within a cell
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| isotonic solution | the same concentration as intracellular fluid (cell neither loses nor gains water)
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| Hypotonic solutions | having a solute concentration less than that of a reference solution (causes RBCs to burst)
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| hemolysis | breakdown of erythrocytes
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| Hypertonic solution | having a solute concentration greater than that of a reference solution (salt solution)
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| filtration | water and dissolved substances cross the membrane in response to differences in pressures
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| why is it necessary to pump certain substances? | because the amount of some substances in the cell is already so great that the only way to move more additional substances into the cell is to pump them in.
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| Endocytosis | a transport mechanism that involves the intake of food or liquid by the cell membrane. the particle is too large to move across the membrane by diffusion, so it is surrounded by the cell membrane which engulfs it and takes it into the cell
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| phagocytosis | if endocytosis involves a solid particle it is called:
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| pinocytosis | when the cell ingests a water droplet it is called:
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| Exocytosis | moves substances out of cells
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| cell division | necessary for the body's growth, repair, and reproduction
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| mitosis | involved in the bodily growth and repair. splitting of one mother cell into two identical "daughter cells."
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| Cell cycle | the sequence of events that the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next
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| Interphase | the cell carries on with its normal functions and gets ready for mitosis through growth and DNA replication. Interphase is divided into three phases first gap phase (G1), phase (S), and second gap phase (G2)
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| First Gap Phase (G1) | the carries on its normal activities and begins to make the DNA and other substances necessary for cell division
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| Phase(S) | the cell duplicates its chromosomes, thereby making enough DNA for two identical cells
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| Second Gap Phase (G2) | Final preparatory phase for cell division; it includes the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins needed for mitosis
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| what are the four phases of mitosis in the correct order? | 1)Prophase 2)Metaphase 3)anaphase 4)Telophase
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| Prophase | First in mitosis, the chromosomes coil so tightly that they become visible under a light microscope. late in this phase the nuclear membrane disappears
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| Metaphase | the chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone; spindle fibers connect the chromatids and centrioles
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| Anaphase | begins when the centromere splits and the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
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| Telophase | each new cell reverts to the interphase state; nuclei reform, the chromosomes uncoil, and the chromatin strands reappear
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| Cytokinesis | begins late in anaphase, is the pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two distinct cells
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| Differentiate | when the cells start to specialize
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| what does it mean when a tissue biopsy shows many poorly differentiated cells? | it means that the tissue cells have failed to differentiate or specialize
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| stem cells | are relatively undifferentiated or unspecialized cells whose only function is the production of additional unspecialized cells
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| how are tumors classified? | Benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
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| metastasis | the spreading of cancer cells
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| apoptosis | programmed sequence of events that leads to cell death
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| the plasma membrane is composed of? | A bilayer of phospholipids
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| the 'tails' of a phospholipid molecule are? | hydrophobic
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| microfilaments do what? | anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins cell membrane
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| Tublin is a | protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules)
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| most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the? | mitochondria
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| organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are? | peroxisomes
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| when activated, lysosomes function in? | Digestion of foreign material
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| which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? | Nucleolus
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| most of a cell's DNA is located in its? | Nucleus
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| the functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are? | Genes
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| in cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as? | Chromatin
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| the process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called? | Translation
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| The process of forming mRNA is called? | Transcription
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| the duplication of DNA is? | Replication
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| the copying of DNA to mRNA is? | Transcription
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| The reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is? | Translation
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| two types of vesicular transport include? | endocytosis and exocytosis
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| a defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates | phagocytosis
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| when is DNA replicated? | Interphase
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| A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ___ phase. | S
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| nuclear division of somatic cells is known as? | mitosis
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| An alternate term for tumor is? | Neoplasm
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| ________ are responsible for identifying and digesting damaged or denatured proteins | Proteasomes
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| _________ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells (sperm and oocytes) | Somatic
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| Histones are found in? | Nucleosomes
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| A(n) _____ is a mutant of a regulatory gene that causes cancer. | oncogene
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| What are the building blocks of all plants and animals? | cells
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| what do cells do? | -respond to the environment
-maintain homeostasis at the cellular level
-modify structure and function over time
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| Integral Proteins | cannot be removed w/o causing harm to the membrane.
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| Peripheral Proteins | bound to the inter or outer surface of the membrane
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| anchoring proteins | bind the cell membrane to other structures, cytoskeleton inside the cell, other cells outside the cell
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| Recognition proteins (identifiers) | -label cells normal or abnormal
-many are glycoproteins
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| Receptor proteins | receptive to extracellular molecules called ligands
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| carrier Proteins | transport specific solutes through membrane
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| channels | regulate water flow and solutes through the membrane
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| enzymes | Catalyze reactions in extracecellular or extracellular fluid
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