16.2--Histology of Nervous Tissue
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| Neurons | Electrical excitability -- ability to respond to stimulus and convert it to nerve impulse
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| Nerve Impulse | Action Potential propagates along surface of neuron due to movement of ions between neuron and interstrital fluuid
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| Cell Body | Nucleus + cytoplasm. Typical organelles
+ Nissl Bodies
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| Nissl Bodies | Clusters of RER, important for protein synth and repair, transmission of nerve impulses and reception
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| Neurofibrils | Intermediate filament bundles; support cell shape
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| Microtubules | Movement of materials between cell body and axon
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| Lipofuscin | Pigment, yellow brownish granules
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| Somatic Gemmules (Spines) | Bumps on plasma membrane; increase surface area for nerve cell interactions
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| Initial segment | Part of axon closest to hillock; location of nerve impulse arisal -- trigger zone (free of Nissl Bodies).
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| Axon Collaterals | Side branches
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| Axon Terminal Arborizations | Division of axon into terminal branches
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| Axosomatic | Axon end to Somatic cell body
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| Axoaxonic | Pre axon end to post axon
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| Electrical Synapse | Gap junctions via connexins; rapid, uniform, coordinated movement (ex. heart, stomach)
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| Multipolar Neurons | Multiple Dendrites, one axon
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| Bipolar Neuron | One dendrite, one axon
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| Unipolar | Sensory; Split into peripheral process and central process. Cell body branches off between axon and dentrite.
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| Neuroglia | Constitute about 1/2 volume of CNS. Don't carry nerve impulse, Have ability to divide
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| CNS--Astrocyte | Protoplasmic (short branches) in gray matter; fibrous (long unbranched) in white matter. Support neurons via microfilaments, create blood brain barrier, secrete growth chemicals in embryo, maintain chemicals of nerve impulse, learning and memory
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| CNS--Oligodendrocytes | Smaller astrocytes. Form and maintain protective covering around CNS axons
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| Pia Matter | Thin membrane around brain and spinal cord.
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| CNS--Microglia | Slender processes with spinelike projections. Originate in red bone marrow and migrate. Phagocytes. Remove cellular debris, microbes, and damaged tissue
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| CNS--Ependymal Cells | Cuboidal to columnar cells -- single layer. Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord. Assist and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
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| PNS--Schwann Cells | Flat cells--encircle axons. Form myelin sheath. 1:1 ratio of cell to axon portion.
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| PNS--Satellite Cells | Surround cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia. Structural support + exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.
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| White Matter | Aggregations of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of many neurons.
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| Gray Matter | Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.
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| Nucleus (CNS) | Cluster of nerve cell bodies ~to Ganglion in PNS
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| Tract (CNS) | Cluster of axons and nerve fibers; connect spinal cord up and down the brain
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| 2 Reasons of Lack of Neurogeneration | inhibitory influence from neuroglia (oligodendrocytes--myelin); absence of growth stimulating cues
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