Exam I: Lecture 3- Skeletal Muscle
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| Bone characteristics | 1. 2nd hardest natural substance in body
2. Made of sparse popul of cells in hard intracellular substance (matrix)
3. Cells make bone called osteoblasts
4. Ossification: osteoblasts hardening the matrix
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| Osteoblasts | 1. Secrete initially & composed of collagen fibers embedded in gelatin-like group substances -> polysacharrides
2. cells form bone
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| Ossification | 1. osteoblasts hardening matrix
2. Ca & phosphate in form of hydroxyapatite crystals in matrix
3. osteoblasts get traped in spaces -> lacunae
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| What gives bone hard characteristics | Matrix infiltrated with Ca & phosphate in form of hydroxyapatite crystals
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| Functions of bone | 1. support
2. protection
3. leverage
4. storage for minerals
5. blood cell formation (hematopoesis)
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| _______ prevents HYPERcalcemia, _______ prevents HYPOcalcemia | Calcitonin; Parathyroid
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| Cancellous bone | 1. light, spongy, looks like sponge
2. tiny spiricules of bone randomly w/ spaces betw them-> for bone marrow
3. light but strong to reduce wt of bones
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| Compact bone | 1. heavy dense
2. shafts of long bones & outside layer of all bones
3. Haversian systems
4. Canniculi
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| Canniculi | 1. allows osteocytes to contact ea other & exchange nutrients
2. in compact bone
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| Haversian systems | 1. run lengthwise to the bone
2. made of multilayered or laminate cylinder composed of concentric layer of ossified bone matrix
3. Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves
4. Osteocyte located at jxns betw layers of bone make up ea Haver. system
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| Outer layer covered by periosteum | 1. Fibrous tissue, inner layer contains bone forming cells
2. inner allows bone to incr diameter
3. involved in healing bome fractures
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| Endosteum | 1. lines hollow interior surfaces of bone
2. contains osteoblast
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| Bone cells | 1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
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| Osteocytes | once osteoblasts trapped in matrix
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| Osteoclasts | 1. bone remodeling
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| Blood supply to bone | 1. Volkmann's canals
2. Nutrient foramina
3. Bone Cortex
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| Volkmann's canals | 1. vessels passing thru tina channels in bone matrix
2. right angles in haversian & osteocytes
3. bring nutrition to osteocytes
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| Nutrient foramina | 1. large vessels enter large bones
2. carry blood into and out of bone marrow
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| Bone cortex | Nutrient foramen resemble crack-type fracture
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| Bone formation | 1. endochondral/cartilage bone formation
2. bones start as cartilage rods
3. cartilage gradually removed as bone created
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| Name the 2 plates of cartilage that remain during bone formation | Epiphyseal plates or growth plates
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| List the bone shapes | 1. long bones
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
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| Long Bones | 1. ea has proximal & distal epiphysis, ea made of light cancellous bone covered by compact bone
2. main part diaphysis
3. Epiphyseal fractures -> in young animal, area of weakness
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| Short bones | 1. shaped like small cubes
2. core sponge with thin layer of compact bone
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| Flat bones | 1. cancellous bone consist of 2 thin plates of compact bone spearated by cancellous bone layer
2. skull, scapulae
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| Irregular bones | 1. vertebrae
2. sesamoid bones: present in tendoms, change dxn over surf of joints
3. Patella largest of sesamoid bone
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| Types of bone marrow | Red and Yellow
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| Red bone marrow | 1. hematopoietic tissue
2. majority of bone marrow in yung animals, smaller prot in older
3. in long bones and interior pelvic in adults
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| Yellow bone marrow | 1. primarily adipose CT
2. common in adults
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| List the common bone features: articular surfaces | 1. condyle
2. head
3. join surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
4. facet
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| Condyle | 1. large round articular or proximal end of a long bone
2. cylindrical
3. distal end of humerus & occipital bone of skull
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| Head of bone | 1. head at humerus, femur, rib
2. form ball portion -> untied with neck
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| Facet of bone | 1. flat articular surface
2. rocking motion
3. carpal & tarsal bones
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| Foramen | hole in a bone
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| Fossa | 1. depressed or sunken area on surface of bone
2. occupied by muscules or tendons
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| Axial Skeleton | 1. bones of head & trunk
2. bones of limbs
3. appendicular skeleton -> appendages
4. Visceral skel -> viscera or soft organs
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| Skull | 1. Skull bones united by jagged, immovable, fibrous joints -> sutures
2. mandible
3. 11 bones form cranium
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| Mandible | freely moveable synovial joint
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| Occipital bones | 1. single bone forms caudoventral
2. where spinal cord exits skull
3. articulates with 1st cervical vertebrae
4. Foramen magnum-> large hole
5. 1st cervical vertebra, form atlantoccipitial joint
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| Interparietal bones | 1. small bones dorsal midline betw occipitial bone & parital bones
2. a skull bone
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| Parietal bones | 1. dorsolateral walls of cranium
2. large and well developed in dogs, cat
3. skull bone
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| Temporal bones | 1. 2 temporal bones
2. below or ventral to parietal bones
3. contain middle & inner ear structures
4. form lateral walls of CRANIUM
5. TMJs with the mandible
6. External acoustic meatus
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| What does TMJ stand for | Temporomandibular joints
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| External acoustic meatus | 1. body canal leads into middle and inner ear cavities
2. Seen in temporal bones
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| Frontal bone | 1. forms forehead region of SKULL
2. paranasal sinus & frontal sinus (in frontal bone)
3. horned breed cornula process where horn develops
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| List internal bones of cranium | Sphenoid & Ethmoid bone
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| Sphenoid bone | 1. forms ventral part (bottom) of cranium
2. contains central depression of pituitary fossa
3. sphenoidal sinus -> paranasal
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| Ethmoid bone | 1. single bone rostral sphenoid bone
2. Cribiform plate
3. Ethmoidal sinus
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| Cribiform plate | 1. Ethmoid bone
2. branches of olfactory nerve pass from upper portion of nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs
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| Bones of ear | 1. ossicles
2. malleus (hammer), incam stapes
3. Tympanic mmebranes
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| Tympanic membranes | transmit vibrations to cochlea
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| List the external bones of face | 1. incisive bones
2. nasal bones
3. maxillary bones
4. lacrimal bones
5. zygomatic bones
6. mandible (lower jaw)
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| Incisive bones | 1. external bones of face
2. premaxillary bones
3. house upper incisor teeth (ruminants dental pad instead)
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| Nasal bones | 1. external bones of face
2. bridge of nose
3. face length influences size
4. Dolichocephalic (long faced)
5. Brachycephalic (short faced)
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| Another word for long faced | Dolichocephalic
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| Macillary bones | 1. external bones of face
2. upper jaw, maxillary sainuses
3. hard palate: bony separation betw mouth & nasal cavity
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| Lacrimal bones | 1. external bones of face
2. medial portion of orbit of eye, lacrimal sac
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| Zygomatic bones | 1. external bones of face
2. malar bones, portion of orbit & join temporal
3. zygomatic arches either sie, easily palpable
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| Mandible | 1. external bones of face
2. lower jaw, lower teeth, only moveable skull
3. Mandibular symphysis
4. Mandible shaft
5. Mandible ramus
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| Name the only movable skull | Mandible
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| Mandibular symphysis | mandible are separate bones united by cartilaginous joint
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| Mandible shaft | Horizontal porton houses the teeth
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| Mandible ramus | jaw muscles attach and where articular condyles form
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| Where do articular condyles form | Mandible ramus
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| Which portion houses the teeth | Mandible shaft
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| List the internal bones of face | 1. Palatine bones
2. Pterygoid bone
3. Vomer bone
4. Turbinates
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| Palatine bones | 1. caudal portion of hard palate
2. seps mouth frm nasal cavity
3. internal bones of face
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| Pterygoid bone | 1. support lateral walls of pharynx
2. internal bones of face
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| Vomer bone | 1. midline of skull
2. forms part of nasal septum
3. internal bones of face
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| Turbinates | 1. internal bones of face
2. nasal concve
3. 4 thin scroll like bones
4. internal bones of face
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| Which internal bone of the face has 4 thin sroll like bones | Turbinates
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| Which internal bone of the face forms part of nasal septum | Vomer bone
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| Which internal bone of the face supports lateral walls of pharynx | Pterygoid bone
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| Which internal bone of the face separates mouth frm nasal cavity | Palatine bones
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| Hyoid bone | 1. Hyoid apparatus, high in neck
2. Support base of tongue, pharynx, larynx
3. help swallow
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| Spinal column | 1. vertebral column -> vertebrae extend skull to tip of tail
2. most vertebrae lack indiv names
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| List vertebrae characteristics | 1. Invertebral disk -> cartilaginous shock-absorbers
2. spinal canal -> protects spinal cord
3. dorsal projecting
4. 2 lateral transverse process
5. articular process
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| Discuss articular process in vertebrae characteristics | 1. cranial & caudal ends of vertebral arches
2. form joints betw adjacent vertebrae
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| Cervical vertebrae | 1. neck region, 7 long vertebrae
2. C1= atlas -> wings palpated
3. C2= axis
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| C2=aixs | 1. large bladelike spinous process project dorsally
2. peglike dens fit into caudal en of atlas to help form alantoaxial joint
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| C1= _____; C2= ________ | atlas; axis
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| Thoracic vertebrae | 1. same # of ribs animal has
2. tall spinous process & later articular facts -> form joins with heads of ribs
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| Lumbar vertebrae | 1. massive looking bones of spinal column
2. large, bulky
3. support abdominal wt
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| Sacral vertebrae | 1. fuse to form single solid structure -> sacrum
2. Sacroiliac joint -> joint with pelvis
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| Coccygeal vertebrae | 1. bones of tail
2. humans have coccyx
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| Ribs | 1. flat bones form lateral walls of thorax
2. dorsal end
3. ventral
4. bone and cartilage jxn
5. sternal ribs
6. asternal
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| Which portion of the ribs has freely moving joints allowing ventilation | dorsal end of ribs
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| Which portion of the ribs is variable made of cartilage (coastal cartilage) | Ventral
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| Which portion of the ribs is costochondral jxn | bone and cartilage jxn
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| Which portion of the ribs is ribs whose cartilage joins with sternum | sternal ribs
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| Which portion of the ribs dosn't join sternum | Asternal
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| Sternum | 1. rodlike bones called sternebrae
2. first cranial sternebrae= manubrium
3. last= xiphoid (xiphoid process)
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| Name first cranial sternebrae | manubirum
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| name last crnial sternebrae | xiphoid
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| Appendicular skeleton aka | limbs
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| What has no direct bony connection with axial | Thoracic limbs
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| List the Thoracic Limbs | 1. Scapula
2. Humerus
3. Ulna
4. Radius
5. Carpal bones
6. Metacarpal bones
7. Phalanges
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| Scapula | 1. Thoracic limb
2. most proximal bone of thoracic limb
3. flat, triangular bone
4. spine longitudinal ride
5. socket portion -> glonoid cavity
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| Humerus | 1. Thoracic limb
2. brachium, ball, socket joint
3. head of humers
4. large process at proximal end near head -> tubercles
5. distal articular surfaces -> condyle
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| Ulna | 1. Thoracic limb
2. Antebrachium
3. Olecranon process
4. Trochlear notch
5. Anconeal process
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| Radius | 1. Thoracic limb
2. main weight bearing
3. Styloid process: articulates with carpus
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| Carpal bones | 1. Thoracic limb
2. 2 rows of carpal bones
3. horse = knee
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| Metacarpal bones | 1. Thoracic limb
2. extend distal frm carpal to proximal phalanges
3. Horses have 1, Cows 2, dewclaw in cats/dogs
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| Phalanges | 1. Thoracic limb
2. digit made of 203 bones
3. Horse: 1 ea limb; Cow 4
4. Distal phalanx contains point ungula process surrounded by the claw
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| How many digits (phalanges) do horses have on each limb? Cattle? | Horses: 1 (3 phalanges, 1 sesamoid bone)
Cows: 4
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| Which thoracic limb is main weight bearing | Radius
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| Which thoracic limb is most proximal bone | Scapula
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| Humerus: distal articular surfaces -> condyle | 1. medial: trochlea (articules with ulna)
2. lateral: capitulum (articulaes with radius)
3. Olecranon fossa: deep indentation above condyle
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| Olecranon fossa | 1. deep indentation above condyle
2. In Humerus
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| Greater tubercle | 1. Large process at proximal end near head should muscle attach
2. In humerus
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| Olecranon process | 1. forms point of elbow
2. Ulna
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| Trochlear notch | 1. half moon concave articular surface
2. Ulna
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| Anconeal process | 1. primal end of trochlear notch
2. ulna
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| Metacarpal bones of cattle | 1. 2 toes
2. bones III & IV fused into single bone
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| Horse Metaacarpal bones | 1. one digit
2. one large metacarpal bone in ea leg
3. 2 smaller bones = splint bones (no wt supports)
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| Metcarpal bones in cats/dogs | 1. Metacarpal I -> dewclaw
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| Which thoracic limb conists of brachium, ball, socket joint | Humerus
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| Which thoracic limb consists of antebrachium, trochlear notch | Ulna
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| Which thoracic limb makes up knee in horse | carpal bones
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| Pelvic Limb | 1. directly connected to axial skeleton
2. Contains: pelvis, femur, patella, Fabellae, Tibia, Fibul, Tarsal bones, Metatarsal bones, Phalanges
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| What is directly connected to axial skeleton | Pelvic limb
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| Pelvis | 1. 2 halves connected thru cartilaginous joint pelvic symphysis
2. Includes the Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
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| Ilium | 1. part of pelvis
2. most cranial
3. felt palpating dog/cat ea side
4. horse/cattle large medial and lateral processed
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| Ischium | 1. In pelvis
2. caudal most pelvic bone
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| Pubis | 1. In pelvis
2. smallest
3. concave area= acetabulum forms ball & socket jt
4. obdurate foramina-> lighten the pelvis
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| What in pelvis forms ball & socket joint | Pubis
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| What in pelvis is most caudal pelvic bone | Ischium
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| What n pelvis is most cranial and felt when palpating pets | Ilium
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| Femur | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. long bone of thigh
3. great trochanter across frm head
4. stifle jt, distal end, like human knee
5. Non articular knobs (medial & lateral epicondyles)
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| Patella | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. largest sesamoid bone in body
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| Fabellae | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. 2 small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius (calf muscle)
3. not in cattle/horses
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| Tibia | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. wt bearing of leg
3. forms stifle jt w/ femurs
4. hock w/ tarsus
5. Tibial tuberosity
6. Tibial crest
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| Fibula | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. thin compete bone in dogs/cats
3. non-wt bearing
4. proximal extremity, shaft & distal extremity
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| Tarsal bones | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. animal hock
3. proximal row named, distal #ed
4. Calcaneal tuberosity
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| Metatarsal bones | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. same as metacarpal
3. 4 digits on paw hind leg in dog
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| Phalanges | 1. part of pelvic limb
2. same as thoracic limb
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| Which part of pelvic limb includes long bone of thigh | Femur
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| Which part of pelvic limb has largest sesamoid bone in body | Patella
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| Which part of pelvic limb is not in cattle/horses & has 2 small sesamoid bones in calf muscle | Fabellae
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| Which part of pelvic limb has weight bearing of leg | Tibia
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| Which part of pelvic limb is hock in animal | Tarsal bones
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| Visceral Skeleton | 1. Os cordis
2. Os penis
3. Os rostri
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| Calcaneal tuberosity | 1. in tarsal bones
2. fibular tarsal bone projects upward & back to form point of hock
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| Tibial tuberosity | 1. forward facing triangle
2. other patellar tendon attaches
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| Tibial crest | distally as a ridge
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| Os rostri | 1. bone in swine nose
2. part of visceral skel
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| Os penis | 1. penis dog, beavers, raccoon, walrus
2. part of visceral skel
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| Os cordis | 1. bone in heart of cows
2. part of visceral skel
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| Joint terminology | Arthro, articular
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| Types of joints | 1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous
3. synovial
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| Fibrous joints | 1. synarthroses (aka immovable)
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| Cartilaginous joints | amphiarthroses (slight rocking movement)
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| synovial joints | diarthroses (freely moveable)
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| Which type of joint is immovable | Fibrous
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| Which type of joint has slightly rocking movement | Cartilaginous
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| Which type of joint is freely moveable | synovial joints
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| Amphiarthroses | 1. slight rocking movement
2. Cartlaginous joints
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| Synarthroses | 1. immovable fibrous joints
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| Diarthroses | 1. freely moveable
2. synovial joints
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| Synovial joint characteristics | 1. articular surfaces on bones, smooth rub together in jt
2. articular cartilage- thin sm layer atop articular surf
3. jt capsule fluid filled
4. Ligaments
5. Meniscus
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| Synovial membrane | 1. lining layer contains synovial fluid for lubrication
2. in joint capsule
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| Meniscus | 1. round condyles where femur sits atop fibia
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| Synovial joint movement | 1. flexion
2. extension
3. abduction
4. rotation
5. circumduction
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| Types of synovial joints | 1. hinge joints
2. gliding joints
3. pivot joints
4. ball and sock joints
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| Hinge joints | 1. ginglymus joints
2. swivels around ea other
3. type of synovial jt
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| Gliding joints | 1. arthrodial joints
2. rocking joints
3. gliding joints
4. type of synovial jt
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| Pivot joints | 1. troichoid jts
2. pivots/rotates around ea other
3. type of synovial jt
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| Ball and socket joints | 1. spheroidal jts
2. most extensive movements
3. flexion, extension, abduction, rotation, circumduction
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| Which synovial joint swivels around each | Hinge joints
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| Which synovial joint is a rocking joint | gliding joints
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| Which synovial joint pivots/rotates around another | Pivot joints
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| Which synovial joint has most extensive movements | ball and socket joints
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