Anatomy & Physiology 1 - test 1
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| Anatomy | The study of structure and the relationship among structures
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| Physiology | The study of how body structures function
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| Levels of Organization | Chemical, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems
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| Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion | What are the 3 Non-invasive techniques to assess the body?
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| Palpation | Dr feels body surfaces with the hands.
Ex: feel the pulse
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| Auscultation | Dr listens to the body sounds
Ex: use of stethoscope
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| Percussion | Dr taps on the body surface and listens to the echo
Ex: listening if there is fluid in the lungs
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| Metabolism, Responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction | What are the 6 Basic Life Processes
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| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
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| Catabolism | Breaking down
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| Anabolism | Building up, rebuilding
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| Responsiveness | The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
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| Movement | motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or organelles inside the cells
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| Growth | Increase in size and complexity, due to increase # of cells, size or both
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| Differentiation | The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to specialized
Ex: stem cell
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| Reproduction | Formation of new cells, growth, repair, or new individual, organism
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| Homeostasis | Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment.
Ex: body temp isn't always 98.6 it slightly varies with the external environment
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| Intracellular Fluid | Fluid inside body cells
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| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid outside body cells.
ECF
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| Intercellular Fluid | this fluid fills the narrow spaces b/w cells of tissues.
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| Plasma | ECF in blood vessels
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| Nervous & Endocrine System (homeostasis) | Homeostasis is regulated by these 2 systems?
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| Nervous System (homeostasis) | this system detects changes and sends nerve impulses (rapid)
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| Endocrine System (homeostasis) | this system regulates by secreting hormones (slow)
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| Receptor, control, Effector | The 3 Feedback system components are?
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| Feedback Receptor | monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center
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| Feedback Control Center | Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
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| Feedback Effector | a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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| Negative Feedback System | if a response reverses the original stimulus
Ex: Blood pressure increases, signals sent to heart to pump slower, to decrease bp back to normal
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| Positive Feedback System | enhances the original stimulus
Ex: Childbirth, contractions start when there's pressure, continues to contract more until baby is out
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| Disorder | any abnormality of function
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| Disease | more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symp.
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| Symptoms | Subjective
Ex: headache, nausea
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| Signs | Objective
Ex: fever, rash
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| Prone Position | body lying face down
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| Supine Position | body lying face up
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| Anatomical Position | standardized method of observing the body. standing straight up, palms out
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| Cranial | Skull; regional name
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| Thoracic | chest; regional name
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| Brachial | arm; regional name
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| Patellar | knee; regional name
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| cephalic | head; regional name
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| gluteal | buttock; regional name
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| Superior | toward the head, upper part
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| Inferior | away from the head, lower part
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| Anterior | nearer to the front of the body
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| Posterior | nearer to the back of the body
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| Medial | nearer to the midline
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| Lateral | farther from the midline
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| Proximal | nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
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| Distal | farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
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| Superficial | toward the surface of the body
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| Cranial Cavity | formed by cranial bones and contains brain
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| Vertebral Cavity | formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord
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| Thoracic Cavity | chest cavity; contains plueral and pericardial cavities and mediatinum
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| Pleural Cavity | enclose the lungs
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| Pericardial Cavity | surrounds the heart
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| Mediastinum | median partition b/w the lungs that extends from sternum to vertebral column. Contains all thoracic cavity except lungs
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| Ventral Cavity | Anterior; subdivided by the diaphragm into an upper thoracic cavity and lower abdominal cavity
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| Dorsal Body Cavity | cranial and vertebral cavities
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| Viscera of Abdominal Cavity | Cavity; stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine
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| Viscera of Pelvic Cavity | Cavity; bladder, some large intestine, internal female and male reproductive structures
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| Serous Membrane | viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. also walls of the thorax and abdomen
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| Parietal Layer | part of the serous membrane; lines the walls of the cavities
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| Visceral Layer | part of the serous membrane; covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
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| Pleural Membrane | Membrane that surrounds the lungs: parietal pleura clings to the surface of the chest wall, visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs
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| Peritoneum | the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
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| Epigastric Region | Region; top part of the abdomen
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| Umbilical Region | Region; middle part of the abdomen
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| Hypograstic Region | Region; lower part of the abdomen
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| Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen | these make up 96% of body weight
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| O, H, C, N w/ phosphorous and calcium | these make up 98.5% of body weight, rest are trace elements
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| Atoms | units of matter
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| Element | a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type
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| Atomic Number | the number of protons in the nucleus
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| Mass Number | total number of protons and neutrons
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| Isotopes | same number of protons but different numbers neutrons
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| Radioactive isotopes | these are unstable; nuclei decay
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| Molecule | two or more atoms share electrons
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| Free Radical | electrically charged atom or atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell
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| Antioxidants | substances that inactivate Oxygen-derived free radicals
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| Valence shell | number of electrons in its outermost shell
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| Octet Rule | atoms w/ incomplete outer shells tend to combine w/ each other in chemical rxns to become stable
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| Ionic Bonds | when and atom loses or gains a valence electron, ions formed
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| Cations | positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons
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| Anions | negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons
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| Ionic Compounds | exist in solids but can disassociate into pos. or neg. ions in solution-electrolyte; dissolves easily
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| Covalent Bond | Strongest, most common; sharing 1,2,3 pairs of their valence electrons, structures of the body
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| Non-Polar Covalent Bond | Bonds that share electrons equally
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| Polar Covalent Bond | Bonds that share electrons unequally
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| Hydrogen Bonds | Weakest bond, help provide 3d shapes; perfect environments for chemical rxns.
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| Chemical Reaction | this occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds break between atoms
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| Reactant | the starting substances of a chemical rxn
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| Product | the ending substances of a chemical rxn
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| Energy | this is the capacity to do work
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| Potential Engery | is energy stored by matter due to its position
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| Kinetic Energy | is the energy associated with matter in motion
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| Chemical Engery | form of potential energy stored in the bonds of compounds or molecules
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| Exergonic Reaction | (energy transfer in chemical rxn)
bond is broken, has more energy than the one
formed, energy is released.
Ex: metabolism; catabolism of food
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| Endergonic Reaction | (energy transfer in chemical rxn)
requires energy; from ATP, to form a bond
Ex: bonding amino acids to form proteins
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| Activation Energy | the collision energy needed to break chemical bonds; initial energy to start rxn
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| Concentration & Temperature | two factors that influence Activation Energy
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| Catalyst | Chemical compounds that speed up chemical rxns by lowering the activation energy.
-does not alter potential energy
-catalyst is unchanged
-helps orient the particles
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| Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, Reversible | What are the 4 Types of Chemical Reactions?
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