A&P 1 ch 2 :chemistry comes alive outline material
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| ELEMENTS are | Substances that cannot be broken down by a chemical reaction
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| How many elements are there | 1) ___94____ occur in nature. 2) __24____ _ are made in the lab.
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| B. The human body is made up of | ___65___ % Oxygen, ___18.5______ % Carbon, _______ % Hydrogen, ___3.3______% Nitrogen and ___3.5_____% other elements.
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| C. Essential elements are ___required______ for life. They include: | 1) ____O_____ 2) ____C_____ 3) ____H_____4) ___N______ 5) ____Ca_____ 6) ____P_____7) ____K_____8) _____Na___9) ____Mg_____
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| D. Trace elements are necessary for life in ___minute_____ quantities. They include: | 1) _____Iron_____ 2) ___Iodine______
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| Atoms are particles of __elements_________. They are made up of the following subatomic particles: | 1) Neutrons are __neutral_______ in charge and are found in the ____nucleus______.2) Protons are ____positive______ in charge and are also found in the ___nucleus________.
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| 3) Electrons are | _negative in charge and are found in the __orbitals_________ outside the nucleus. The electrons _____repel___ each other and orbit the nucleus at the speed of light. Electrons have almost no mass and occupy a large volume around the ___nucleus_______.
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| B. Electrons that orbit the nucleus fill | ____orbitals______ outside the nucleus. The first shell can hold up to __2_____ electrons and all other shell can hold _____8_____ electrons. The orbitals fill from the ___inside______ first.
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| CHEMICAL REACTIONS | Determined by the behavior of the electrons in the _____outer____ energy shell. Elements without full outer shells are ___reactive________ and combine with other atoms.
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| A chemical bond is a bond between two ____atoms______ that yields unique emergent properties that are not possessed by either atom by themselves. | 1) Ionic – 2) Covalent -3) Polar Covalent –
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| Inorganic compounds – do not have | ____C______ and ______H____ as their base.
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| 1) Water is ____60-80______ % of the volume of most living cells. Water has a bent, ____polar_____ structure. Water has some interesting properties: | a) Solubilityb) Reactivityc) High heat capacity
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| Salts are ______ionic______ compounds that disassociate in water causing | ___ions_______ that can carry an electrical current.
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| Acids and Bases are important for changing the ____pH____ of solutions by adding | more H+ ions or OH- ions.
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| a) If there are the same number of H+ and OH – ions the solutions is | ___neutral_____ with a pH of 7.
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| b) If there are more H+ ions the solution is ___acidic_________ with a | pH between 1-6.
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| c) If there are more OH- ions the solution is __basic________ with a pH | between 8-14.
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| d) Buffers are compounds that ___change_______ the pH by removing or replacing | H+ ions.
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| A) Carbohydrates are ____organic_____ molecules. | 1) Contain ______C______, _________H_____ and ________O_____ in a 1:2:1 ratio.
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| 2) ____Monosaccharides___________ are simple sugars. | The most common example is glucose.
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| 3) Disaccharides are two ____monosaccharides__________ joined together. | Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide.
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| 4) ___________Polysaccharides________ are complex carbohydrates | a) Cellulose is a plant polysaccharide that is indigestible.b) Glycogen is animal polysaccharide – starch that is stored.
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| 5) When the body needs energy it breaks down | glycogen into glucose molecules to be used as _____fuel__________. This is done by a process called dehydration ___synthesis_________.
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| 6) Carbohydrate’s role in the body is for ____quick______ energy! | This is the body’s _____first_____ source of fuel.
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| B) Lipids are | ___fats_____, oils and waxes.
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| 1) Lipids also contain | _____C______ and ____H_________ in a 1:2 ratio. Although they do have oxygen atoms they contain much fewer than carbohydrates.
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| 2) Lipids provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates do, | but when there is an excess of lipids they are stored as ____fats______ in the body.
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| 3) There are three main types of lipids: | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, phospholipids
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| a) Fatty acids – | saturated fats, unsaturated fats
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| 1. Saturated fatty acids have | ____increased_______ number of hydrogen atoms attached. Normally solid at room temperature.
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| 2. Unsaturated fats have | ____C=C______ bonds so they have fewer hydrogen atoms attached. Normally liquid at room temperature. a. Monounsaturated and b. Polyunsaturated –
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| 3 Triglycerides are __3______ fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. | They are joined by dehydration synthesis.
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| 4. Phospholipids consist of | ___2______ fatty acids connected to a ___glycerol______ molecule and a ______phosphate_______ group.
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| 1. Hydrophilic – | affinity to water
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| 2. Hydrophobic – | repelled by water
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| 4) The role of lipids in the body is | ______fat______ energy storage, to make _____proteins______ and cell membranes, and to cushion _____organs______ and joints.
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| C) Proteins are cells building blocks. They are composed of | ____C_______, _____O______, ____H_______ and ______N______. They make up 10-30% of any given cells mass.
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| 1) ____________Amino Acids______________ | are the building blocks of proteins.a) Amino group b) Carboxyl group c) R variable group – depending on which of the ___20______ amino acids it is.
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| 2) Protein structure is very complex and single amino acids are joined by | ____peptide bonds_________.
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| a) Primary structure is a | _____linear_____ molecule, where amino acids are linked by ____peptide________ bonds.
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| b) Secondary structure is | when the linked molecules ______coil____ in on themselves. 1. Double helix – 2. Beta pleated sheet –
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| c) Tertiary structure is | when the secondary structure twists into a ball to form a __globular_________ molecule.
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| d) The final structure, quaternary structure, is | formed when two tertiary structures come together to form a ____functional_______ protein.
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| 3) Fluctuations in _____pH_______ and _____temp________ can cause these protein structures to unfold or | ______denature_________. Sometimes they can return to their original shape but too much of a shift in internal range will cause them to be irreversibly ______changed_______.
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| 4) Proteins play an important role in the body. They are the | ____last_____ source of energy, but are used to build many different cellular and tissue structures, like _muscle_ and _____hair_____.
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| D. Nucleic acids are composed of | __C__________, _________O_____, _____H________, ____N_______ and ________P_____. These are the largest macromolecules in the body.
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| 1) Nucleotides are the ___building blocks____ of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consist of three major parts: | a) ___ribose________ - a sugar b) ___nitrogenous base__ c) _______phosphate_____ group
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| 2) Two major types of nucleic acids: | DNA and RNA
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| a) DNA is found in the ______nucleus________ and contains all the ___genetic information________________________. | 1) DNA is a double stranded polymer which orients itself into a double ____helix_____ or ladder-like spiral molecule.
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| 2) DNA is made up of ____deoxyribose______________ as the sugar component and four different nitrogenous bases: | ____adenine_____________,guanine__________,_______cytosine__________ and _______thymine___________.
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| b) RNA is located ____outside______ the nucleus and carries out the orders issued by | ____DNA______.
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| A) Metabolism is | all chemical reactions going on in the body that are necessary to _______maintain______ life functions. These reactions involve two major processes:
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| 1) Anabolism | – building ___larger________ molecules from _____smaller________ molecules. This requires ATP _____input_______.
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| 2) Catabolism – | breaking down _smaller_____________ molecules from ___larger_________molecules. This releases ATP __energy__________.
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| B) All chemical reactions require | _________activation______ energy to get started. This ___activation___________ energy is need BOTH when the reaction is anabolic and catabolic.
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| 1) _______catalysts_______ or | enzymes are a good way to lower the amount of ________activation________ energy needed to start a reaction. a) Enzyme – b) Enzyme Substrate Complex – c) Catalyze ___millions___ of reactions per minute and remain ______unchanged______ from the reaction.
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| C) The energy released from breaking down a larger molecule is called | ___ATP_________.
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| ATP | 1) ___Adenine_________ -a nitrogenous base 2) ___Ribose_________ - a sugar 3) __3__________ phosphate groups
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| Covalent bond | with unequal sharing of
electrons between 2 atoms
Example: water
Electrons spend more
time closer to O than H
Thus, O is more
electronegative than H
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| Organic compounds | contain carbon
in with living things
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| Inorganic compounds | water, salts, acids and bases
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| Salts | Ionic compounds
Dissociate in water
Ions are
electrolytes
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| What are the four main classes of organic compounds? | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids - each of these have subdivisions, know them.
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| How ATP Performs Work: | Phosporylation
Phosphate group is transferred directly from ATP to some other
molecule
Phosphorylated molecule undergoes a change that performs
work
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| Examples of ATP |
ATP phosphorylates motor proteins that cause
muscle contraction
ATP phosporylates transport proteins to move substances across the cell membrane
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| Regeneration of ATP | ATP is a renewable
resource
add P to ADP
ATP cycle is rapid
Example: a working muscle
cell recycles all it’s ATP in < 1
minute
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| Cellular Respiration = | ATP Production
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| Where does glucose come from? | Your food
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| Where does the oxygen come from? | You breathe it in
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| Where does the CO2 go? | You breathe it out
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| Where does the water go? | Used throughout the body
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| Where does the ATP go? | Used to power cellular work
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| Cellular Respiration = ATP Production FORMULA | C6H12O6 + 6O2 .... to ....
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
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