Muscular System
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| Skeletal muscle | -voluntary, striated (due to actin & myacin), cells are cylindrical and function is so move bones of skeleton.
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| Smooth muscle | Involuntary, cell is fusiform in shape, located in walls of hollow internal structures, regulated by neurons and hormones
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| Cardiac muscle | Involuntary, striated, cells joined via intercollated discs. Forms most of the heart's walls. Built-in rhythm called autorhythmicity.
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| Excitability | Ability for muscle cell to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials.
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| Contractility | Ability of a muscle to contract and create tension when stimulated by an action potential.
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| Extensilibility | Ability of a muscle to stretch and contract forcefully without injury.
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| Elasticity | Ability for a muscle to return to its original length and shape following a contraction or extension.
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| Fascia | Fibrous connective tissue that supports and surrounds organs.
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| Epimysium | Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer most layer of a muscle.
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| Perimysium | Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of individual fibers (known as fascicles).
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| Endomysium | Sheet of areolar connective tissue that surrounds one individual muscle fiber.
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| Tendon | Dense irregular connective tissue that extends from the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium and attaches a muscle to the periosteum covering the bone.
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| Aponeurosis | A broad flat sheet of connective tissue.
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| Tendon (synovial) sheaths | Tubes of fibrous connective tissue that surround tendons of the wrist and ankles.
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| How is a muscle named? | Size, shape, location, action, direction of fibers, combination.
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| Agonist (prime mover) | Muscle or group of muscles causing the prime movement around a joint.
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| Antagonist | Muscle of group of muscles whose action is opposite to that of the agonist muscle.
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| Synergist | A muscle or group of muscles that assists in preventing unwanted movements or aids with the prime mover.
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| Fixator | A group of muscles that stabilize the joint in order for the prime mover to be more efficient.
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| Origin (proximal) | Is the stationary point to which the opposite end of the muscle moves towards by contracting.
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| Insertion (distal) | Is the point furthest from its stationary attachment.
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| What are the extrinsic muscles that suspend the scapula from the trunk? | Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
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| What are the muscles attaching the trunk to the humerus? | Latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major
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| Where does the trapezius originate? | It originates from:
Superior - external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, and ligamentum nuchae
Middle - spinous processes C7 - T5
Inferior - spinous processes T6 - T12
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| Where does the trapezius insert? | Insertion: clavicle, acronium, and spine of scapula.
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| What actions does the trapezius perform? | Superior - elevate the scapula
Middle - retract scapula
Inferior - depress scapula
Superior + inferior - laterally rotate scapula.
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| Where does the levator scapulae originate? | It originates from:
Transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
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| Where does the levator scapulae insert? | Superior border of scapula, above root of spine.
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| What actions does the levator scapulae perform? | Elevates and medially rotates the scapula.
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| Where does the rhomboids originate? | It originates from:
Major - spinous processes T2 - T5
Minor - ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7 - T1
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| Where does the rhomboids insert? | Medial border of scapula from root of spine (minor) to inferior angle of scapula (major).
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| What actions does the rhomboids perform? | Retracts and medially rotates the scapula.
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| Where does the serratus anterior originate? | It originates from:
ribs 1 - 8 (external surface)
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| Where does the serratus anterior insert? | Medial border of scapula anterior border
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| What actions does the serratus anterior perform? | Protracts, laterally rotates and holds scapula against thoracic wall.
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| Where does the pectoralis minor originate? | It originates from:
Ribs 2 - 5
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| Where does the pectoralis minor insert? | Coracoid process
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| What actions does the pectoralis minor perform? | It draws scapula forward and downwards
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| Where does the Latissimus dorsi originate? | It originates from:
Spinous process T6 - T12
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Lower 3 - 4 ribs
Inferior angle of scapula
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| Where does the latissimus dorsi insert? | Floor of bicipital (intertuberclular) groove.
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| What actions does the latissimus dorsi perform? | Adducts and medially rotates arm
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| Where does the pectoralis major originate? | It originates from:
Clavicular head - medial 1/2 of clavicle
Sternal head - sternum, first 6 costal cartilages
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| Where does the pectoralis major insert? | Lateral lip bicipital groove.
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| What actions does the pectoralis major perform? | Adduction, medial rotation, flexion and extension.
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| What are the muscles that attach the humerus to the scapula? | Scapular Muscles (2) and the Rotator Cuff Muscles (4)
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| What are the scapular muscles? | (1) Deltoid and (2) Teres Major
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| What are the Rotator Cuff muscles? | (1) Supraspinatus
(2) Infraspinatus
(3) Teres Minor
(4) Subscapularis
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| Where does the deltoid originate? | It originates from:
Anterior - lateral 1/3 clavicle
Middle - Acronium
Posterior - spine of scapula
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| Where does the deltoid insert? | Deltoid tuberosity
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| What actions does the deltoid perform? | Anterior - flex and medially rotate shoulder
Middle - Abduct
Posterior - Extend and laterally rotate shoulder
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| Where does the teres major originate? | It originates from:
Inferior angle and adjacent lateral border of the scapula
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| Where does the teres major insert? | Medial lip bicipital (intertubercular) groove
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| What actions does the teres major perform? | Adducts, medially rotates and extends the arm
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| Where does the supraspinatus originate? | It originates from:
Supraspinous fossa
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| Where does the supraspinatus insert? | Greater tubercle (superior facet)
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| What actions does the supraspinatus perform? | Abducts humerus first 15 - 20 degrees, after abduction is initiated then the deltoid can also abduct the arm.
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| Where does the infraspinatus originate? | It originates from:
Infraspinus fossa
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| Where does the infraspinatus insert? | Greater tubercle (middle facet)
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| What actions does the infraspinatus perform? | Lateral rotation of humerus
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| Where does the teres minor originate? | It originates from:
Lateral border of scapula
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| Where does the teres minor insert? | Greater tubercle (inferior facet)
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| What actions does the teres minor perform? | It laterally rotates the humerus
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| Where does the subscapularis originate? | It originates from:
Subscapular fossa
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| Where does the subscapularis insert? | Lesser tubercle
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| What actions does the subscapularis perform? | Medial rotation of humerus
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| What are the abdominal muscles? | (1) Rectus Abdominus
(2) External Abdominal Oblique
(3) Internal Abdominal Oblique
(4) Transversus Abdominus
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| Where does the rectus abdominus originate? | It originates from:
Pubic symphysis and the pubic crest
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| Where does the rectus abdominus insert? | Xiphoid process and 5th -7th costal cartilage
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| What actions does the rectus abdominus perform? | Flexes the trunk and helps compress the internal viscera
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| Can the rectus abdominus be palpated? | Yes, it can be palpated inferior to the xiphoid process.
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| Where does the external abdominal oblique originate? | It originates from:
External surface inferior border of the 5th - 12th ribs
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| Where does the external abdominal oblique insert? | It inserts into the anterior 1/2 iliac crest, linea aspera and the pubic tubercle.
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| What actions does the external abdominal oblique muscles perform? | Flex and rotate the trunk, as well as help to compress the internal viscera.
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| Where does the internal abdominal oblique originate? | It originates from:
Iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and the inguinal ligament.
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| Where does the internal abdominal oblique insert? | It inserts in the ribs 10 - 12, linea aspera and the pubic bone
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| What actions does the internal abdominal oblique muscles perform? | Flex and rotate the trunk, as well as help to compress the internal viscera.
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| Where does the transversus abdominus originate? | It originates from:
Internal surfaces of 7th - 12th costal cartilage, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inguinal ligament
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| Where does the transversus abdominus insert? | Linea aspera and pubic crest
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