BSC2085 EXAM 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Palpation | Feeling a structure with the hands
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| Auscultation | Listening to natural sounds made by the body
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| Percussion | Tapping a body part and feeling for abnormal resistance
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| Dissection | The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal internal anatomy
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| Gross Anatomy | Structures seen with the naked eye
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| Histology (microscopic anatomy) | Observing thinly sliced specimens under the microscope
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| Ultrastructure | Fine details (molecular level) revealed by electron microscope
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| Inductive | Method of Study: Numerous observations until confident enough to draw generations/predictions.
Anatomy is a product of this.
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| Hypothetico-Deductive | Method a researcher uses to ask a question and formulates a hypothesis.
Most physiological knowledge obtained using this method.
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| Hypothesis | Possible answer to a question.
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| Evolution | Change in genetic composition of a population of an organism
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| Natural Selection | Principle theory of how evolution works.
Ex. Opposable thumbs to grasp that are highest priority
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| Homeostasis | Body's ability to detect change and maintain stable internal conditions despite environmental changes
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| Anatomical Position | Standard frame of reference.
Palms face anterior.
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| Sagittal | Vertically through body.
Left and right portions
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| Median (midsagittal) | Equal halfs
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| Frontal (coronal) | Extends vertically, but perpendicular.
Anterior and posterior portions.
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| Transverse (horizontal) | Horizontally.
Superior and Inferior portions.
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| Axial | Portion of body: head, neck, trunk
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| Appendicular | Portion of body: upper and lower limbs
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| Proximal/Distal | Closer to point of attachment/Further from point of origin
Describes anatomy of upper and lower limbs.
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| Arm | Upper part of limb between shoulder and elbow
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| Leg | Part of lower limb between knee and ankle
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| Chemical Element | Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
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| Atomic Number | Element identification.
Number of protons
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| Nucleus | Center of Atom.
Protons and Neutrons.
Surrounded by clouds of electrons.
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| Polar Covalent Bonds | Holds atoms in water molecules together
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| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Strongest of all chemical bonds.
Carbon atoms bind to other carbon atoms.
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| Hydrophilic | Substance that dissolve in water
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| Hydrophobic | Substance that do not dissolve in water
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| Amphiphilic | Large molecules that are both Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic regions.
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| Protein is a polymor of | amino acids
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| Enzymes | Proteins that serve as biological catalysts.
Allow rapid reactions.
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| Polysaccharide is a polymor of | onosaccharides
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| Glucose (blood sugar) is a polymor of | Monosaccharide
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| Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are a polymor of | Disaccharides
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| Three polysaccharides of interest | Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
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| Nucleic Acid is a polymor of | Nucleotides
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| Cholesterol | Liquid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
Natural product of body.
Important component of cell membrames,
Does more good than harm.
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| Cells | Smallest unit of organism that carry out basic life functions.
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| Modern Cell Theory | Organism's structure and functions are ultimately due to cells.
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| Diffusion | Net movement of particles from high concentration to lower concentration.
No energy (passive process)
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| Active transport | Transports solute up to concentration point.
Energy comes from ATP.
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| Examples of Endocytosis | Phagocytosis,
pinocytosis,
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| Vesicular Transport Process (endocytosis and exocytosis) | Always requires energy
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| Symport | Carries two or more solutes through membrane in same direction
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| Antiport, examples | Carries two or more solutes through opposite directions.
Sodium-potassium pump
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| Uniport | One solute carried at a time
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane
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| Golgi Complex | Conjugates protein and lipids with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins and gylcolipids
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| Lysosomes | Digestion and disposal of worn-out organelles
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| Nucleus | Cells control center and safety house of DNA
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| Mitochondria | "Powerhouses" of cell.
Energy extraction and transferred to ATP.
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| Organelles NOT surrounded by membranes | Ribosomes, centrosome, centriles, basal bodies
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| Microvilli | (Surface extension)
Extension of plasma membrane that serve to increase cell's surface area.
Best for cell absorption.
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| Cilia | Hair-like processes.
Present in every human cell.
(Surface extension)
Found in waves, but less widespread.
Certain parts of body found.
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| Flagella | (Surface extension)
Found only in sperm.
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| Gylcocalyx | External to plasma membrane, fuzzy coat
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| Carbohydrate moieties | ...Gylcocalyx consists of.
Chemically unique, except identical twins.
Identification tag to distinguish healthy cells from foreign, diseased cells.
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| 98% of the molecules in the plasma membranes are.. | Lipids
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| 75% of the liquids are... | Phospoliquids.
Arrange in bilayer
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| 2% of molecules in plasma membrane are.. | Proteins.
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| Membrane protein functions? | Receptors, enzymes, ion channels
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| Hypertonic | (Solution)
High concentration on non-permeating solutes than intracellular fluid.
Less water.
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| Hypotonic | Lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than the inter-cellular fluid.
More water.
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| DNA is a polymer of... | 4 different Nucleotides.
Each unique base.
A (adenine), T(thymine), C(cytosine), G (guanine).
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| Law of complementary base pairing. | Each unique base.
A (adenine), T(thymine), C(cytosine), G (guanine).
A-T and C-G are base pairs.
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| Double helix of DNA is held together by.. | Hydrogen Bonds (between base pairs)
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| RNA differ from DNA? | DNA: two nucleotide chains, thymine (T), irreplaceable and safe in nucleus, deoxyribose [sugar]
RNA: one nucleotide chain, uracil (U), disposable and moves between nucleus and cytoplasm, ribose
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| Involved in producing proteins? | mRNA (messenger- transcribes genetic code),
rRNA (ribosomal- translates code for protein),
tRNA (transfer- bounds amino acids together)
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| Sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for.. | 1 amin acid called base triplet
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| A 3-base sequence in mRNA is called.. | codon
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| Gene | Information-containing DNA segment for production of RNA.
Turned on and off from day to day as their products are needed or not.
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| DNA codes only for the production of... | Proteins
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| Location of particular gene on a chromosome | Locus
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| Homologous Chromosomes | Pair of chromosomes, each inherited from each parent.
Same gene at same locus.
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| Alleles | Different forms of gene.
Produce alternative forms of a trait.
One dominant, one recessive.
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| Codominant alleles, example | Both phenotypically expressed.
Ex. ABO blood type
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| Sex-linked traits, examples | Carried in X or Y chromosome.
Inherited by one sex more than the other.
Men and color blindness (located on X chromosome)
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