Chapter 10 Anatomy & Physiology
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| this employs chemical messengers called hormones to communicate with cells | Endocrine System
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| this uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lightening speed | Nervous System
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| the system that only consists of the Brain and spinal cord is called the | Central Nervous System (CNS)
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| the system that consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body is called | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| these cells are excitable, impulse-conducting cells that perform the work of the nervous system | Neurons
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| These cells protect Neurons | Neuroglia
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| these are also called Glial Cells | Neuroglia
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| these cells form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord | Oligodendrocytes
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| these cells line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain, they also secrete cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal cells
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| these cells preform as phagocytes | Microglia
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| these cells extend through brain tissue, nourish neurons and help form the blood barrier | Astrocytes
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| these cells form the myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS | Schwann Cells
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| this exist throughout the brain. it allows small molecules (like oxygen, carbon dioxide and water) to diffuse across the brain but blocks larger molecules from entering | Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
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| these neurons detect stimuli, such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, or chemicals, and then transmit information about the stimuli to the CNS | Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
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| these are found only in the CNS, they connect the incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways | Interneurons
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| these Neurons relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells | Motor (efferent) Neurons
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| these neurons, have one axon and multiple dendrites | Multipolar Neurons
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| These neurons, have two processes: an axon and a dendrite with the cell body in between the two processes | Bipolar Neurons
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| these neurons only have one process, an axon that extends form the cell body before branching in a T shape | Unipolar Neurons
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| this part of the cell is the control center of the neuron and contains the nucleus | Cell Body
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| this is also called the soma | Cell Body
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| on the neuron, these look like the bare branches of a tree, they receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body | Dendrites
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| this part of the neuron, carries nerve signals away from the cell body and is longer then dendrites and contains a few branches | Axon
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| the axons of many (not all)neurons are encased in a | Myelin Sheath
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| gaps in the myelin sheath are called | Nodes Of Ranvier
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| the axon branches are called | Axon terminals
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| at the end of axon terminals are the | Synaptic knobs
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| this is essential for an injured nerve to regenerate | Neurilemma
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| ions with opposite electrical charges are separated by a membrane, the potential exists for them to move toward one another is called | Membrane Potential
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| An excess of positive ions in one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other side is called | Polarized
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| the state of being inactive and polarized is called | Resting potential
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| as a membrane becomes more positive its said to be | Depolarized
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| if the neuron has become active as it conducts an impulse along the axon, this process is called | Action potential
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| although the membrane is polarized, the neuron wont respond to a new stimulus as long as the Na+ and K+ are on the wrong sides of the membrane. this us known as the | Refractory Pump
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| when impulses "Leap" from node to node. this type of signal is called | Saltatory Conduction
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| space between the junction of two neurons in a neural pathway is called | Synapse
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| extend from the end of the spinal cord is a bundle of nerve roots called the | Cauda Equina
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| nerve tissue containing mostly neurons and interneurons | Gray matter
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| nervous tissue containing bundles of axons that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another | White Matter
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| a small space that lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae | Epidural Space
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| thus carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord | the central canal
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| this nerve contains fibers that carry sensory information into the spinal cord | Dorsal (Posterior) Nerve root
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| cell bodies of the dorsal neurons are clustered in a knot-like structure called a | Ganglion
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| this a single nerve resulting form the fusion of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots | Spinal Nerve
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| sensory and motor fibers that transmit impulses in two direction is called a | Mixed Nerve
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| fibers in this area exit form the ventral horn and to carry motor information out of the spinal cord | Ventral (anterior) Nerve root
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| the transparent membrane that clings to the outer surface of the brain and the spinal cord. it also contains blood vessels | Pia mater
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| this space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid | Subarachnoid space
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| a delicate layer on the spine that resembles a cobweb | Arachnoid Mater
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| the tough layer on the spine is called the | Dura mater
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| this tract relays sensations of deep pressure and vibration as well as those needed to create awareness of the body's position | Dorsal Column
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| this tract is responsible for proprioception | Spinocerebellar
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| this tract relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain and touch | Spinothalamic tract
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| these tracts are also called the pyramidal tracts | Conticospinal tracts
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| these tracts are responsible for fine movements of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes on the opposite side of the body | Corticospinal tracts
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| these tracts are a group of tracts associated with balance and muscle tone | Extrapyramidal Tracts
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| this consists of many nerve axons encased by connective tissue | Nerve
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| nerve fibers are gathered together in bundles called | Fascicles
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| nerve that contain both sensory and motor fiber are called | Mixed Nerves
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| nerves that only contain sensory afferent fibers are called | Sensory Nerves
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| nerves that only contain motor efferent fibers are called | Motor Nerves
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| this part of the spine contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, top of the shoulders, and part of the head | The Cervical Plexus
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| a nerve that simulates that diaphragm for breathing | Phrenic Nerve
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| the plexus that innervates the lower part of the shoulders and the arm | Brachial Plexus
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| the plexus that is derived from the fibers of the first four lumbar vertebrae and supplies the tight and keg | Lumbar Plexus
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| the key nerve in the lumbar plexus is the | Femoral Nerve
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| The plexus that is formed from fibers from nerves L4, L5 and S1 through S4. is called the | Sacral Plexus
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| this is the largest nerve in the body is called the | Sciatic Nerve
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| each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin. these areas are called | Dermatomes
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| the largest portion of the brain is called the | Cerebrum
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| the surface of the brain is marked by thick ridges called | Gyri
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| the shallow groves on the brain are called | Sulci
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| Deep Sulci on the brain are called | Fissures
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| this sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain | Diencephalon
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| this is the second largest region of the brain | Cerebellum
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| this leads from the brain to the rest of the body | The Brainstem
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| a deep groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres are called | Longitudinal Fissures
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| A thick bundle of nerves that runs along the bottom of the longitudinal fissure is called the | Corpus Callosum
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| the gray matter that covers the cerebrum and cerebellum in a layer is called the | Cortex
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| gray matter that exists in patches throughout the white matter is called | Nuclei
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| these Arch though the cerebral hemispheres: one in the right and on in the left hemispheres | Lateral Ventricles
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| Each lateral ventricles connects to a | Third Ventricle
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| A clear colorless fluid that fills the ventricles and central canal is called | Cerebrospinal Fluid
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| the CSF is formed blood by What plexus? | Choroid Plexus
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| this part of the brainstem contains tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses | the Midbrain
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| this part of the brainstem contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain | The Pons
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| this part of the brainstem attaches the brain to the spinal cord | Medulla Oblongata
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| this part of the brainstem regulates heart rate | Cardiac center
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| this part of the brainstem controls blood vessel diameter, which, in turn, affects blood pressure | Vasomotor center
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| this part of the brainstem regulates breathing | Respiratory center
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| Shape like who eggs sitting side by side, this resides on top of the brainstem | The Thalamus
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| this lies just blow the thalamus and controls the automatic nervous system | Hypothalamus
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| this lobe of the brain governs voluntary movements, emotions, social judgment, decision making, reasoning , and aggression | Frontal Lobe
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| this part of the lobe is concerned in receiving and interpreting bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain | Parietal Lobe
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| this lobe governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior, and visual recognition | Temporal Lobe
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| the is lobe is concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information | Occipital Lobe
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| this plays a role in many different functions, including perception, motor control, self awareness, and cognitive functioning | Insula
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| this makes up the bulk of the cerebrum and consists of myelinated fibers, called tracts | White matter
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| part of the limbic system it is charged with converting short-term memory into long-term memory | Hippocampus
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| part of the limbic system that has two-almond shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus. concerned with emotions and can recall emotions from the past | Amygdala
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| this part of the brain determines with movements are required to perform a specific task | Motor Association Area
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| this part of the brain sends impulse through the motor tracts in the brainstem and spinal cord | Precentral Gyrus
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| this is the primary somatic sensory of the brain | Postcentral Gyrus
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| the cortex that sends impulses to the muscles necessary to pronounce words | Primary motor Cortex
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| this plans muscle movements required of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lip to form words | Broca's Area
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| this formulates the words into phrases that comply with learned grammatical rules | Wernicke's Area
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| written word stimulates this | Primary visual cortex
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| this translates the written words into a form that can be spoken | Angular Gyrus
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| this area interprets the sense of smell | olfactory association area
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| this area gives us the ability to recognize familiar sounds | Auditory Association Area
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| this part is responsible for hearing | Primary Auiditory complex
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| this handles the interpretation and sensation of taste | primary gustatory complex
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| this area interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex, it allow us to recognize familiar objects | Visual association area
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| this is responsible for sight | Primary Visual Cortex
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| this is the subdivision of the nervous system responsible for regulating the activities that maintain homeostasis | Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
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| ANS is also called the | Visceral Motor System
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| the ANS of two divisions: this division is referred to as "fight or flight" | Sympathetic
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| this division is Referred to as "rest and Digest" | Parasympathetic
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